2014年12月27日 星期六

Iliad 12. 108-194


主題: 多層次的比喻

Iliad 12. 108-194

《伊利亞特》第十二卷描寫特洛伊人攻進希臘人的陣地,正面交鋒在壁壘之上,是戰爭的高潮之一,細節點出古代建造城牆壁壘等技術,對話之間勾勒出戰略與軍事布局。同時,是人性的描述。接下來這段,出現一型的例子,Asios帶領特洛伊第三分隊,但是卻不聽從Hector的指揮,因為不願意把馬車留下交給守衛看顧,執意騎馬闖關,詩人下註腳,這真是愚蠢之至 (νήπιος, silly),也註定難逃死亡女神 (κήρ, the goddess of death) (Iliad 12. 113)。態度決定一個人的高度,驕必敗,Asios的命運事實上是自己造成的,這一段點出他的性格問題,第一,放不下馬車,不相信別人;第二,不服從,自大,所以不能融入團隊;第三,怨天尤人,之後就看見他失敗之際,還是不會檢討自己,而是責怪天神宙斯,而且口氣很差,直接說宙斯是騙子(φιλοψευδήςfond of lies) (Iliad 12. 164)

   《伊利亞特》第十二卷108-194行,出現幾處十分經典的比喻,例如這次抗敵成功的兩名希臘大將,被譽為兩棵狂風暴雨中的巨大橡樹:


τὼ μὲν ἄρα προπάροιθε πυλάων ὑψηλάων

ἕστασαν ὡς ὅτε τε δρύες οὔρεσιν ὑψικάρηνοι,

αἵ τ᾽ ἄνεμον μίμνουσι καὶ ὑετὸν ἤματα πάντα

ῥίζῃσιν μεγάλῃσι διηνεκέεσσ᾽ ἀραρυῖαι:

ὣς ἄρα τὼ χείρεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι

μίμνον ἐπερχόμενον μέγαν Ἄσιον οὐδὲ φέβοντο. 

οἳ δ᾽ ἰθὺς πρὸς τεῖχος ἐΰδμητον βόας αὔας

ὑψόσ᾽ ἀνασχόμενοι ἔκιον μεγάλῳ ἀλαλητῷ

Ἄσιον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα καὶ Ἰαμενὸν καὶ Ὀρέστην

Ἀσιάδην τ᾽ Ἀδάμαντα Θόωνά τε Οἰνόμαόν τε. (Iliad 12. 131-40)

 


These two made their stand before the lofty gate,

 like two high-topped mountain oak trees which defy

 wind and rain each and every day, anchored there

 by huge extensive roots—just like that, these two men, 

trusting the power in their arms, held their position,

 as great Asius approached. They did not run off.

 Holding bull’s hide shields up high, with loud shouts,

Asius’ men came straight for the well-built wall,

 behind lord Asius, Iamenus, Orestes,

Adamas, Asius’ son, Thoön, and Oenomaus.   

 

這兩位守在壁壘城門前的英雄是PolypoetesLeonteus,他們奮力抵擋,有龐大的根基,強壯的手臂與力氣,抵擋日日狂風暴雨。這也是典型的荷馬是比喻,一個比喻英雄是大樹,而英雄就化為大樹。當特洛伊人拿著牛皮盾大喊,大樹,還是屹立不搖。


   接下來還把這兩位大英雄比喻成不畏獵人的野豬 (Iliad 12. 146-49),兩軍大戰,壁壘上的人紛紛丟下石頭,如雪花片片,這些都是史詩常見的比喻(Iliad 12. 156-58)

  Asisu雙腿都中箭,心中充滿怨懟,大聲斥責宙斯,他也引用一個比喻,把這兩位捍衛壁壘的英雄喻為黃蜂 (σφήξ, wasp),拼命守住蜂窩和保衛後代,堅決與採蜜人搏鬥 (Iliad 12. 167-172)。這比喻顯然看輕眼前的大英雄,但也點出Asisus自大的性格。此外,荷馬史詩中昆蟲的比喻較少,另外幾個例子: 1. wasps (Iliad 16.259-65); 2. bees (Iliad 2.87-90); 3. cicadas (Iliad 3.151.2); 4. flies (Iliad 16.641-3, Iliad 17.570-2); 5. grasshoppers (Iliad 21.12-13)

   PolypoetesLeonteus奮力擊倒敵人,特洛伊大將紛紛落地,史詩形容悲壯之景,連眾神看了都不禁心寒 (Iliad 12. 179)

 

 

下面圖片是古埃及的牛皮盾,圖片與資料出處: http://www.egyking.info/2012/08/egyptian-shields.html

However, shields of one or one and a half meter height are also known to have been used by the ancient Egyptian warriors. The size of the shield used for fighting varied upon the usage of the weapon. Bronze shields were used at the time of the New Kingdom reign. The metal shields were ornamented by carving pictures on them. Big shields were inconvenient during wars as they were heavy and restricted the time for which they could be carried. On the other hand, smaller shields were easy to manage and also served the purpose of protecting its user from being attacked.



http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/shields1.htm 介紹古希臘青銅時期牛皮盾的作法

From the same grave comes a gold ring representing a battle scene. One of the warriors is completely protected by a tower shield with several embossed dots on the external surface. These could be interpreted as the decorative elements of a thin bronze plate placed as additional reinforcement, or the studs used to joint together the several layers of hide.
 

2014年12月19日 星期五

Iliad 12. 1-59

主題: 壁壘與戰壕
Iliad 12. 1-59
《伊利亞特》第十二卷出現幾處精彩的演說,但結構相對比較薄弱。一開始,敘述從Patroclus醫治Eurypylus再回到戰場,但是馬上有一點「小插曲」 (digression),談到希臘大軍的戰壕(τάφρος ditch, trench)和壁壘(τεῖχος, wall, city-wall)。這在第七卷提到Nestor提議建造壁壘(Iliad 7.337-43),之後動工 (Iliad 7.436-41),也提到因為建造此壁壘時,希臘人對海神Poseidon不敬,海神曾向宙斯投訴,宙斯也答應這個壁壘一定會摧毀 (Iliad 7.446-463)。詩人再次強調這個壁壘的建造,違逆諸神,所以不會堅固牢靠(Iliad 12. 8-9),在Achilles懷怨怒在心,在一旁不願幫自己的戰友,希臘的首領將折損大半,或傷或亡;戰場上只見Hector一夫當關,特洛伊的顯貴也都陣亡,就在兩軍打了十年,PoseidonApollo合力出手,大水潰堤,湍急的水連續沖擊這壁壘九天,壁壘垮了。
   只是,敘述又回到壁壘垮了之前,說道兩軍大戰,希臘人節節敗退,一群人被推擠到空心船旁邊瑟縮藏身,大家驚慌,害怕,因為此刻Hector氣勢凌霄,史詩用旋風比喻,另外第41-48行就是最典型的「荷馬式比喻」(Homeric simile):

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἔν τε κύνεσσι καὶ ἀνδράσι θηρευτῇσι
κάπριος ἠὲ λέων στρέφεται σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων:
οἳ δέ τε πυργηδὸν σφέας αὐτοὺς ἀρτύναντες
ἀντίον ἵστανται καὶ ἀκοντίζουσι θαμειὰς
αἰχμὰς ἐκ χειρῶν: τοῦ δ᾽ οὔ ποτε κυδάλιμον κῆρ
ταρβεῖ οὐδὲ φοβεῖται, ἀγηνορίη δέ μιν ἔκτα:
ταρφέα τε στρέφεται στίχας ἀνδρῶν πειρητίζων:
ὅππῃ τ᾽ ἰθύσῃ τῇ εἴκουσι στίχες ἀνδρῶν: (Iliad 12. 41-48)

Just as some wild boar or lion faced with dogs and huntsmen keeps turning,
confident of his strength, and men form in a line,
preparing to go against the beast, hurling spears
in volleys from their hands—still it doesn’t tremble,
show any fear in its brave heart, but its courage
kills the beast—repeatedly it whirls itself around,
threatening the ranks of men—that’s how Hector then
moved through the troops, urging men to attack the ditch 
and charge across it.

Hector此刻就像一頭野獸,野山豬或是獅子,被一群獵狗與獵人團團包圍,但野獸不怕,反而嚇到那群「人牆」,真是一當關,萬夫莫敵。
   就這樣,Hector一路過關斬將,到了希臘人的壕溝之前,Hector吆喝,要手下軍隊繼續向前衝,但是戰馬卻在寬闊的壕溝停下。只見,大隊步兵躍躍欲試,但是,戰馬卻裹足不前,結果如何? 下回分曉。

 第十二卷開場五十幾行,看似戰況激烈,但其實幾分幽默與反諷。希臘人自以為他們的壁壘固若金湯,但,詩人卻再三告誡,看似最牢靠的壁壘,其實就快倒了。現在最英武善戰的Hector,也快倒下,而且是那麼可憐地死去。還有,馬好像比人類更有靈性,知道不要進入貿然入險境,但是,當人在成功或是佔上風時,往往變得盲目無知,失去基本應有的判斷力。

下面圖片與資料來源: http://www.heritage-history.com/?c=read&author=church&book=iliad&story=wall POLYDAMAS ADVISING HECTOR TO RETIRE FROM THE TRENCH





2014年12月17日 星期三

Iliad 11.804-848

主題: 古希臘的醫療
Iliad 11. 804-848
Iliad第十一卷開始於Agamemnon 和希臘大軍情勢看好高漲,高傲、氣勢甚燄,但卻結束在傷亡慘重,最後節節敗退,Odysseus準備開會討論,進來的是一跛一跛的Eurypylus,他的腿骨中箭,此刻滿身大汗,傷口還猛噴「黑色的鮮血」,看見此景象Patroclus悲憤感概,難道全希臘人裏,都沒人可以贏過Hector?
     Eurypylus回答,希臘大將幾乎全部陣亡或受重傷,他要求Patroclus幫他處理傷口。這段描述,說明古代戰場上,主要的疾病就是刀槍傷,處理的方式,第一,把劍拔出,用溫水洗乾淨傷口,特別是流出的血;第二,是用藥草療傷。
    EurypylusPatroclus幫忙處理傷口,原因是,希臘大軍的隨軍醫官Podaleirius Machaon此刻也受重傷;而Achilles曾和古希臘的「醫學系主任」Cheiron學過點醫術,而Achilles也教過Patroclus
    果真,Patroclus雖沒有醫術高超,但緊急時刻還是派得上用場,立即扶受傷的Eurypylus 到營帳,病人躺在牛皮墊上,而Partoclus用的是快刀劀出腿骨中銳利的箭矢,又用熱水洗淨腿上的黑血,抹的草藥是神奇的根(ῥίζα),磨碎後敷上傷口,不但止痛,傷口也立即乾淨,有有止血效果。
    第十一卷在止痛與止血的這點結束。
     只是,我有點納悶,那神奇的草藥,那不知名植物的根,究竟是甚麼?

τὸν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ Εὐρύπυλος βεβλημένος ἀντίον ηὔδα:
‘οὐκέτι διογενὲς Πατρόκλεες ἄλκαρ Ἀχαιῶν
ἔσσεται, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέονται.
οἳ μὲν γὰρ δὴ πάντες, ὅσοι πάρος ἦσαν ἄριστοι,
ἐν νηυσὶν κέαται βεβλημένοι οὐτάμενοί τε
χερσὶν ὕπο Τρώων: τῶν δὲ σθένος ὄρνυται αἰέν.
ἀλλ᾽ ἐμὲ μὲν σὺ σάωσον ἄγων ἐπὶ νῆα μέλαιναν,
μηροῦ δ᾽ ἔκταμ᾽ ὀϊστόν, ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ δ᾽ αἷμα κελαινὸν
νίζ᾽ ὕδατι λιαρῷ, ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἤπια φάρμακα πάσσε
ἐσθλά, τά σε προτί φασιν Ἀχιλλῆος δεδιδάχθαι,
ὃν Χείρων ἐδίδαξε δικαιότατος Κενταύρων.
ἰητροὶ μὲν γὰρ Ποδαλείριος ἠδὲ Μαχάων
τὸν μὲν ἐνὶ κλισίῃσιν ὀΐομαι ἕλκος ἔχοντα
χρηΐζοντα καὶ αὐτὸν ἀμύμονος ἰητῆρος
κεῖσθαι: ὃ δ᾽ ἐν πεδίῳ Τρώων μένει ὀξὺν Ἄρηα.’
τὸν δ᾽ αὖτε προσέειπε Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμος υἱός:
‘πῶς τὰρ ἔοι τάδε ἔργα; τί ῥέξομεν Εὐρύπυλ᾽ ἥρως;
ἔρχομαι ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλῆϊ δαΐφρονι μῦθον ἐνίσπω
ὃν Νέστωρ ἐπέτελλε Γερήνιος οὖρος Ἀχαιῶν:
ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὧς περ σεῖο μεθήσω τειρομένοιο.’
ἦ, καὶ ὑπὸ στέρνοιο λαβὼν ἄγε ποιμένα λαῶν
ἐς κλισίην: θεράπων δὲ ἰδὼν ὑπέχευε βοείας.
ἔνθά μιν ἐκτανύσας ἐκ μηροῦ τάμνε μαχαίρῃ
ὀξὺ βέλος περιπευκές, ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ δ᾽ αἷμα κελαινὸν
νίζ᾽ ὕδατι λιαρῷ, ἐπὶ δὲ ῥίζαν βάλε πικρὴν
χερσὶ διατρίψας ὀδυνήφατον, ἥ οἱ ἁπάσας
ἔσχ᾽ ὀδύνας: τὸ μὲν ἕλκος ἐτέρσετο, παύσατο δ᾽ αἷμα.  (Iliad 11.822-48)

Wise Eurypylus then said in answer to Patroclus:           
“Lord Patroclus, there’s no longer anything
can save Achaeans, who’ll fall back to their black ships.
All those who were our finest fighters
are lying by the ships, hurt or wounded
at Trojan hands, whose strength keeps growing.
But take me safely back to my black ship,
cut the arrow from my thigh, and with warm water    
wash away the black blood there, then rub on           
fine soothing medication
, whose use, they say,
Achilles taught you, an art he learned
from
 Cheiron, most righteous of the Centaurs.
Of our healers, Podalerius and Machaon,
one, I believe, lies wounded in our huts,
himself requiring some worthy healer,
the other’s out there on the plains, holding off
the fighting spirit of the Trojans.”
Menoetius’ fine son then said to Eurypylus:
         “How can you get this cure? What can we do, 
noble
 Eurypylus? I’m on my way
to inform warlike Achilles of the news
which
 Geranian Nestor, Achaea’s guardian,           
asked me to report. But I won’t leave you
in such suffering.”

                                  When Patroclus had finished,
he put his arm around
 Eurypylus’ chest, then took
that shepherd of his people to his hut.
Seeing them,
an aide put down some ox hides. Settling him there
,
with a knife
 Patroclus cut out the arrow, razor sharp,
from his thigh, and washed the blood off with warm water. 
He put some bitter root onto his hands and rubbed it in,
       
something to relieve the hurt, remove all pain.
The wound then dried, and blood stopped flowing.


再仔細讀這一段,就會發現Patroclus 的傷口處理比較簡化。第一,他沒有像之前Machaon處理Menelaus的傷口時,有把傷口的毒物吸出(Iliad 4.218-219); 第二,Patroclus也沒包紮傷口,之後另一處會提到希臘人用羊毛捆成包紮的繃帶 (Iliad 13. 599-600)。再想想,Odysseus年輕時受傷居然用「咒語」止血(Odyssey 19. 457-8)Patroclus還是比較科學一點點。
  Iliad 11. 846行提到的「根」,可能是治傷草(woundwort) 的根,中文翻譯有幾種可能:藥用水蘇、療傷絨毛花、聚合草、西門肺草等。此用法還出現在Iliad 16.28; Iliad 4.190; Iliad 15.394;

  比較Odyssey 10. 304,提到另一種植物的根,(Moly): http://homegplant.blogspot.tw/2014/09/51-moly.html

A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos' arm, by the Sosias Painter.

2014年12月12日 星期五

Iliad 11,67-90 收割人

主題:收割人
Iliad 11.67-90

兩軍作戰,雙方皆聲勢壯大,場面像甚麼? 荷馬史詩用一段比喻,像是一個有錢人擁有一大片的大面田與小麥田,收割的人面對面,一路砍下去,就看見一排排的倒下。多麼無情,不長眼的大刀!
   試問,誰是拿著鐮刀的收割人(ἀμητήρ reaper)?
   這比喻之後,史詩的鏡頭轉到眾神,高高在奧林比亞山,似乎隔岸觀火。只有紛爭女神,樂見雙方爭鬧不停。原來,揮動戰火刀,恣意廝殺的是人爭奪的心。

希臘文本引用出處:
οἳ δ᾽, ὥς τ᾽ ἀμητῆρες ἐναντίοι ἀλλήλοισιν
ὄγμον ἐλαύνωσιν ἀνδρὸς μάκαρος κατ᾽ ἄρουραν
πυρῶν ἢ κριθῶν: τὰ δὲ δράγματα ταρφέα πίπτει:
ὣς Τρῶες καὶ Ἀχαιοὶ ἐπ᾽ ἀλλήλοισι θορόντες
δῄουν, οὐδ᾽ ἕτεροι μνώοντ᾽ ὀλοοῖο φόβοιο.
ἴσας δ᾽ ὑσμίνη κεφαλὰς ἔχεν, οἳ δὲ λύκοι ὣς
θῦνον: Ἔρις δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔχαιρε πολύστονος εἰσορόωσα:
οἴη γάρ ῥα θεῶν παρετύγχανε μαρναμένοισιν,
οἳ δ᾽ ἄλλοι οὔ σφιν πάρεσαν θεοί, ἀλλὰ ἕκηλοι
σφοῖσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι καθήατο, ἧχι ἑκάστῳ
δώματα καλὰ τέτυκτο κατὰ πτύχας Οὐλύμποιο. (Iliad 11. 67-77)

Then, just as reapers work in some rich man’s fields,
arranged in rows facing each other, cutting the crop,
wheat or barley, scything handfuls thick and fast,
that’s how Trojans and Achaeans went at each other,       
slicing men down. No one thought of lethal flight.
The sides were matched in fury equally—they fought
like wolves ripping at each other. Looking on, Strife,
goddess who brings much sorrow, was delighted.
She was the only god present at this battle.
The others were far off, sitting at their ease,
in their own homes on many-ridged Olympus,

where a fine house had been built for each of them.