Iliad 16.198-277

主題: Achilles的禱告

Iliad 16.198-277

  

《伊利亞特》第十六卷168-197行寫到Achilles還幫Patroclus先部署好他率領的五十艘船艦的部隊，分成五大隊；出發前還用一段演講，激勵人心，當中提到，大家都說Achilles的母親為他的是膽汁(Iliad 16. 203-206)，不是牛奶，所以他脾氣暴躁，沒有同情心。這段話，顯然是因為之前Patroclus提到Achilles的蠻狠(Iliad 16. 33ff)，大英雄真的很在意這些話。此外，傳說中Achilles小時候也是送到人馬獸Cheiron那兒學習，有一說法，那兒的主要飲食是野獸的血與肉。不管怎樣，Achilles用這番話激勵人心，大家士氣大增，準備號迎敵。

Achilles的部隊人數並不多，但是有一特色是，合作團結，在Achilles的訓練下，他們排出緊密的隊形，向高牆堆砌的石磚，密不通風，固若磐石。這一群團結的部隊，向一群團結的狼 (Iliad 16.156 ff)，也像攻擊力強的馬蜂(Iliad 16.259-265)。

這些準備還不夠，Achilles還是不放心，所以，打開從家鄉運來的寶箱，拿出最好的金盃裝酒，獻給宙斯並為Patroclus和他帶出去的部隊禱告 (Iliad 16. 220-230)，祈求他們旗開得勝，並平安歸來。這個願望只會實現一半。
這隻寶箱，有點像今天出國必帶的登機箱或行李箱，是母親Thetis為Achilles準備，裏頭裝有衣物和必要的器皿等。Achilles拿出上等的杯子，還先用硫磺洗淨，再裝酒(Iliad 16. 228-30)。古希臘硫磺洗滌，有清潔與宗教的意義，θέειον (sulphur)的字根就是神 (θεο-)，味道又和宙斯的閃電類似。另一個有名的例子是Odysseus 在殺了眾多霸佔他們家多年的惡霸，也用硫磺潔淨他的家(Odyssey 22. 481 ff)，一方面洗除血跡，一方面也有神聖的洗滌之意義。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D16%3Acard%3D200              αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς βῆ ῥ᾽ ἴμεν ἐς κλισίην, χηλοῦ δ᾽ ἀπὸ πῶμ᾽ ἀνέῳγε καλῆς δαιδαλέης, τήν οἱ Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα θῆκ᾽ ἐπὶ νηὸς ἄγεσθαι ἐῢ πλήσασα χιτώνων χλαινάων τ᾽ ἀνεμοσκεπέων οὔλων τε ταπήτων. ἔνθα δέ οἱ δέπας ἔσκε τετυγμένον, οὐδέ τις ἄλλος οὔτ᾽ ἀνδρῶν πίνεσκεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ αἴθοπα οἶνον, οὔτέ τεῳ σπένδεσκε θεῶν, ὅτε μὴ Διὶ πατρί. τό ῥα τότ᾽ ἐκ χηλοῖο λαβὼν ἐκάθηρε θεείῳ πρῶτον, ἔπειτα δ᾽ ἔνιψ᾽ ὕδατος καλῇσι ῥοῇσι, νίψατο δ᾽ αὐτὸς χεῖρας, ἀφύσσατο δ᾽ αἴθοπα οἶνον. (Iliad 16. 220-30) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad16.htm Achilles went into his hut and opened up the lid on a beautifully decorated chest placed on board his ship by silver-footed Thetis for him to take. She’d packed it with cloaks and tunics, and woollen blankets, too—protection from the wind. There he kept an ornate goblet. Other than Achilles    no one used it to drink gleaming wine. With this cup Achilles poured libations to no god but Father Zeus. Taking this out of the chest, first he purified it with sulphur, then rinsed it out in streams of water. He washed his hands and drew some gleaming wine.   字彙 χηλός large chest, coffer   θέειον (sulphur)

Iliad 16.101-197

主題: 披掛上陣，但是....

Iliad 16.101-197

大家都知道因為阿奇里斯因為和阿加曼儂不合而拒絕作戰時，Patroclus披上他的盔甲，領導邁爾彌頓人（Myrmidons）殺了許多特洛伊人，包括了Sarpedon (宙斯與歐羅芭之子）與赫克特（Hector）的雙輪馬車駕駛Cebriones。最終，在太陽神阿波羅（Apollo）的幫助下，他被Hector所殺。

  但是，一般人都沒注意到，史詩紀載雖然Patroclus披上阿奇里斯的盔甲，卻沒使用阿奇里斯的的投槍(spear)，因為這投槍又大又重，除了阿奇里斯，沒人拿得動。

  這支槍大有來頭，還有專有名稱: 佩利昂梣木槍 (the Pelian spear of ash)，是Cheiron 佩利昂高峰取得，贈給阿奇里斯父親，也是寶貴又神奇的傳家寶。

   少一把投槍，其實真正少的是能力與實力，Patroclus終究不是阿奇里斯，終究輸給Hector。阿奇里斯還是把他的副手推向死亡，一套戰袍，根本無法保護脆弱的生命。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D16%3Acard%3D112 ἔγχος δ᾽ οὐχ ἕλετ᾽ οἶον ἀμύμονος Αἰακίδαο βριθὺ μέγα στιβαρόν: τὸ μὲν οὐ δύνατ᾽ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν πάλλειν, ἀλλά μιν οἶος ἐπίστατο πῆλαι Ἀχιλλεὺς Πηλιάδα μελίην, τὴν πατρὶ φίλῳ πόρε Χείρων Πηλίου ἐκ κορυφῆς, φόνον ἔμμεναι ἡρώεσσιν. ἵππους δ᾽ Αὐτομέδοντα θοῶς ζευγνῦμεν ἄνωγε, τὸν μετ᾽ Ἀχιλλῆα ῥηξήνορα τῖε μάλιστα, πιστότατος δέ οἱ ἔσκε μάχῃ ἔνι μεῖναι ὁμοκλήν. τῷ δὲ καὶ Αὐτομέδων ὕπαγε ζυγὸν ὠκέας ἵππους Ξάνθον καὶ Βαλίον, τὼ ἅμα πνοιῇσι πετέσθην, τοὺς ἔτεκε Ζεφύρῳ ἀνέμῳ Ἅρπυια Ποδάργη βοσκομένη λειμῶνι παρὰ ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο. ἐν δὲ παρηορίῃσιν ἀμύμονα Πήδασον ἵει, τόν ῥά ποτ᾽ Ἠετίωνος ἑλὼν πόλιν ἤγαγ᾽ Ἀχιλλεύς, ὃς καὶ θνητὸς ἐὼν ἕπεθ᾽ ἵπποις ἀθανάτοισι. (Iliad 16. 140-54) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad16.htm He’d didn’t choose Achilles’ spear,    for no Achaean man could wield that weapon, so heavy, huge, and strong, except for brave Achilles.    It was made of ash wood from the peak of Pelion. Cheiron gave it to Achilles’ father to kill warriors. Patroclus told Automedon to yoke the horses quickly, the man he most esteemed after Achilles, breaker of men, and the one he trusted most to carry out his orders in a battle. For Patroclus Automedon put swift horses in the harnesses, Xanthus and Balius, who flew along as swiftly as the wind. These horses Podarge, the harpy, had conceived with West Wind, as she grazed  in a meadow beside the stream of Oceanus. 字彙 Μελία: manna ash, Fraxinus Ornus

以下圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus

The body of Patroclus is lifted by Menelaus and Meriones while Odysseus and others look on (Etruscan relief, 2nd century BC)

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.sunnyfotini.com/blogfiles/Pilion.htm

Pelion, land of the legendary Centaurs, the site chosen by the ancient gods for their weddings and celebrations, rises in lush magnificence to the northeast of Volos . It was here that the centaur Chiron, the wise teacher of demigods and heroes, gave his pupils daily instruction in the proper care of body and soul. Here, as well, the first beauty contest took place between Thetis and Eris. Many-leaved Pelion was an inspiration to Homer, Pindar, and Euripides but also to the modern popular muse who sung of the unquenchable desire of the Greek people for freedom.