Iliad 19:145-237

主題: 先讓大家吃飯吧!

Iliad 19: 145-237



Achilles因為生氣，不肯出戰，此刻又因為Patroclus之死憤怒，急著打倒Hector和特洛伊人。他其實不是很在乎Agamemnon的賠禮，但是，他似乎也沒考慮其他人的情況。

此時，Odysseus出面，講得太好了! 大家得先吃飽，才有力氣去打仗，接下來一整天都不能吃東西，他們會沒力氣啊! 做為領導階級，不應該只顧自己的目標或業績，不顧底下做事的芸芸眾生，絕對不可以讓大家餓著或是口渴 (δίψα: thirst; λιμός hunger, famine)。Odysseus確實是足智多謀又務實的人才，他這番話可以提供給現代很多主管級人物參考，體恤手下，他們會做的更好，留心觀察一下，員工們是不是為了加班或是趕工做，沒吃飯喝水，或是三餐不正常?

希臘文本引用出處: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D154 ἀλλὰ πάσασθαι ἄνωχθι θοῇς ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιοὺς σίτου καὶ οἴνοιο: τὸ γὰρ μένος ἐστὶ καὶ ἀλκή. οὐ γὰρ ἀνὴρ πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα ἄκμηνος σίτοιο δυνήσεται ἄντα μάχεσθαι: εἴ περ γὰρ θυμῷ γε μενοινάᾳ πολεμίζειν, ἀλλά τε λάθρῃ γυῖα βαρύνεται, ἠδὲ κιχάνει δίψά τε καὶ λιμός, βλάβεται δέ τε γούνατ᾽ ἰόντι. ὃς δέ κ᾽ ἀνὴρ οἴνοιο κορεσσάμενος καὶ ἐδωδῆς ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσι πανημέριος πολεμίζῃ, θαρσαλέον νύ οἱ ἦτορ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, οὐδέ τι γυῖα πρὶν κάμνει πρὶν πάντας ἐρωῆσαι πολέμοιο. (Iliad 160-171). http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad19.htm No. Instruct Achaeans to have some food and wine by their swift ships.      For they give strength and courage. No soldier can fight the enemy all day till sunset without some food. However fierce his heart may be for battle, his limbs grow heavy without his knowledge. Once thirst and hunger overtake him, his knees get tired as he moves. But the man who’s had sufficient food and wine fights all day long against his enemies with a courageous heart. His limbs don’t tire until all warriors have left the battle.          So dismiss your men. Tell them to make a meal.

Iliad 19: 1-39

主題: 穿上新戰袍

Iliad 19: 1-39

《伊利亞特》第十九卷將要上演Achilles和Agamemnon大和解。首先，出場的是Thetis拿來新的戰袍給Achilles 穿上，因為Achilles擔心Patroclus的屍體腐爛，Thetis拿出神仙用的瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)，滴在Patroclus的身體，就不會腐壞 (Iliad 18:37-39)。

當大家看到這件新戰袍時，都嚇得驚慌，趕緊把目光移開。唯獨Achilles不但不怕，眼睛直視，怒氣灌滿全神，眼睛也在噴火。一般人都只看到Achilles神勇的一面，但是，他的人性表露無遺，恨之入骨，全身上下每個細胞都一起生氣，可悲的是，他以為除了殺敵人，沒有任何方法滅心中的怒火；事實上，這一把怒火，即使Hector死了也滅不掉!

Thetis and attendants bring armor she had prepared for him to Achilles, an Attic black-figure hydria, c. 575–550 BC, Louvre. 

希臘文本引用出處: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D1 ὡς ἄρα φωνήσασα θεὰ κατὰ τεύχε᾽ ἔθηκε πρόσθεν Ἀχιλλῆος: τὰ δ᾽ ἀνέβραχε δαίδαλα πάντα. Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ ἄρα πάντας ἕλε τρόμος, οὐδέ τις ἔτλη ἄντην εἰσιδέειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτρεσαν. αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς ὡς εἶδ᾽, ὥς μιν μᾶλλον ἔδυ χόλος, ἐν δέ οἱ ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑπὸ βλεφάρων ὡς εἰ σέλας ἐξεφάανθεν: τέρπετο δ᾽ ἐν χείρεσσιν ἔχων θεοῦ ἀγλαὰ δῶρα. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ φρεσὶν ᾗσι τετάρπετο δαίδαλα λεύσσων αὐτίκα μητέρα ἣν ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα: ‘μῆτερ ἐμὴ τὰ μὲν ὅπλα θεὸς πόρεν οἷ᾽ ἐπιεικὲς ἔργ᾽ ἔμεν ἀθανάτων, μὴ δὲ βροτὸν ἄνδρα τελέσσαι. νῦν δ᾽ ἤτοι μὲν ἐγὼ θωρήξομαι: ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ αἰνῶς δείδω μή μοι τόφρα Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμον υἱὸν μυῖαι καδδῦσαι κατὰ χαλκοτύπους ὠτειλὰς εὐλὰς ἐγγείνωνται, ἀεικίσσωσι δὲ νεκρόν, ἐκ δ᾽ αἰὼν πέφαται, κατὰ δὲ χρόα πάντα σαπήῃ. (Iliad 19: 12-27) With these words, the goddess set the armour down before Achilles. The wonderfully crafted metal rang out loudly. Fear gripped all the Myrmidons. Not one of them dared look directly at those weapons. They shrank away. But when Achilles saw them, his anger grew. His eyes glared underneath his eyelids, like a fire— a terrifying light. But as his hands went over          the god’s priceless gifts, he felt great joy. He gazed at them, filling his heart with pleasure at the rich designs. Then he spoke to his mother—his words had wings:    “Mother, this armour the god has given me is a work fit for the immortals, something no living human could create. So now, I’ll arm myself for war. In the meantime, I have a dreadful fear that flies may burrow into those wounds carved by the slicing bronze in the body of Menoetius’ noble son.       They may breed worms in him, defile his corpse, now that the life in him is gone. If so, all his flesh will fester.”

Iliad 18: 369-467

主題: 神匠　Hephaestus

Iliad 18: 369-467

Achilles的母親親自前往神匠Hephaestus 的家，金碧輝煌的神殿，全是Hephaestus親自建造。這位神匠的好手藝眾所皆知，另外，他的長相在眾神中最為突出，因為他的跛腳（κυλλοποδίων, club-footed)，此時，神匠正在打造20作三腳鼎，為了讓這些鼎可以自由滑動，Hephaestus已經在每一隻腳裝上金色的輪子，之後，還會加精緻的手把和純金的鉚釘。這真是太神奇了！也說明希臘人對「自動化」的觀念，只是三輪會如何滑動呢？是一個有趣的題目。

以下圖片與資料出處:　 http://kotsanas.com/gb/exh.php?exhibit=0501001　

They were programmed auto-mobile tripods which, according to Homer, were built by Hephaestus ''with golden wheels that could automatically enter the assembly of the gods and again return to their residence''.

The development and application of the relative technology, by the Alexandrian engineers (Philon, Heron) to corresponding auto-mobile vehicles, allows us its hypothetical re-establishment.

The motion producing mechanism of the tripod consisted of a) a cylindrical clepsydra filled with millet, b) a lead weight placed inside the clepsydra, c) two ropes which connected the weight and the axles of the two rear wheels with the help of loops and transversal pins and d) a sliding operation switch.

The motion programming mechanism consisted of three types of rope circumvolution on the two independent driving axles of the wheels. The right circumvolution ensured the right turning of the wheels and therefore the forward course of the automatic tripod. The left circumvolution ensured the left turning of the wheels and therefore the reverse course of the automatic tripod. The free circumvolution ensured the immobility of the wheels and therefore the stillness of the automatic tripod for ''the serving of the gods''. The right circumvolution on the right wheel and simultaneously the free circumvolution on the left wheel ensured the turn of the automatic tripod towards the left while the free circumvolution on the right wheel and simultaneously the right circumvolution on the left wheel ensured its turn towards the right.

With the pulling of the slide, the clepsydra began to empty at a steady pace and the lead weight fell at the same speed pulling the ropes of the drive wheels.

The combination of circumvolution on each driving axle ensured whichever desired automatic course of the tripod in its space, its required stops and finally the return to its starting position.

   

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D360 ὣς οἳ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον: Ἡφαίστου δ᾽ ἵκανε δόμον Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα ἄφθιτον ἀστερόεντα μεταπρεπέ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι χάλκεον, ὅν ῥ᾽ αὐτὸς ποιήσατο κυλλοποδίων. τὸν δ᾽ εὗρ᾽ ἱδρώοντα ἑλισσόμενον περὶ φύσας σπεύδοντα: τρίποδας γὰρ ἐείκοσι πάντας ἔτευχεν ἑστάμεναι περὶ τοῖχον ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο, χρύσεα δέ σφ᾽ ὑπὸ κύκλα ἑκάστῳ πυθμένι θῆκεν, ὄφρά οἱ αὐτόματοι θεῖον δυσαίατ᾽ ἀγῶνα ἠδ᾽ αὖτις πρὸς δῶμα νεοίατο θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι. οἳ δ᾽ ἤτοι τόσσον μὲν ἔχον τέλος, οὔατα δ᾽ οὔ πω δαιδάλεα προσέκειτο: τά ῥ᾽ ἤρτυε, κόπτε δὲ δεσμούς. (Iliad 18.368-379) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad18.htm Meanwhile, silver-footed Thetis reached Hephaestus’ home. Made of eternal bronze and gleaming like a star,   it stood out among the homes of the immortals.   The crippled god had constructed it himself. She found him working with his bellows, moving round, sweating in his eager haste. He was forging twenty tripods in all, to stand along the walls of his well-built house. Under the legs of each one he had fitted golden wheels, so every tripod might move all on its own into a gathering of the gods at his command and then return to his own house. They were wonderful to look at. His work on them had reached the stage where finely crafted handles   had still not been attached. He was making these,　forging the rivets.

Iliad 18. 315-355

主題: 洗滌屍體

Iliad 18: 315-355

Achilles的悲愴，哭泣，在希臘陣營中迴盪，誓言報仇，即或自己將死也不足惜! 哭泣之餘，該有的禮數不可少:
1. Achilles吩咐同伴們火堆上架起巨大的三角銅鼎 (τρίποδα)。
2. 把Patroclus身上的污血洗乾淨 (應該是用冷水)。
3. 鼎下加足夠的薪柴，把冷水煮熱。
4. 熱水洗淨屍體。
5. 抹橄欖油。
6. 各處傷口填上九年的陳膏。
7. 把屍體抬上殯床，從頭到腳蓋上麻布。再蓋上光潔的罩單。

這應該是古希臘處理戰士屍體的SOP。洗乾淨後，還要用九年的陳膏(就是上等的藥膏)抹傷口，除了一層麻布，還加上光潔的罩單。

ἄλειφαρ unguent, anointing-oil, oil, fat

ἐννέωρος in the ninth season

φᾶρος: a large piece of cloth, web

   

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D324 ὣς εἰπὼν ἑτάροισιν ἐκέκλετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἀμφὶ πυρὶ στῆσαι τρίποδα μέγαν, ὄφρα τάχιστα Πάτροκλον λούσειαν ἄπο βρότον αἱματόεντα. οἳ δὲ λοετροχόον τρίποδ᾽ ἵστασαν ἐν πυρὶ κηλέῳ, ἐν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὕδωρ ἔχεαν, ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα δαῖον ἑλόντες. γάστρην μὲν τρίποδος πῦρ ἄμφεπε, θέρμετο δ᾽ ὕδωρ: αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ ζέσσεν ὕδωρ ἐνὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ, καὶ τότε δὴ λοῦσάν τε καὶ ἤλειψαν λίπ᾽ ἐλαίῳ, ἐν δ᾽ ὠτειλὰς πλῆσαν ἀλείφατος ἐννεώροιο: ἐν λεχέεσσι δὲ θέντες ἑανῷ λιτὶ κάλυψαν ἐς πόδας ἐκ κεφαλῆς, καθύπερθε δὲ φάρεϊ λευκῷ. παννύχιοι μὲν ἔπειτα πόδας ταχὺν ἀμφ᾽ Ἀχιλῆα Μυρμιδόνες Πάτροκλον ἀνεστενάχοντο γοῶντες: (Iliad 18. 343-355) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad18.htm After these words, godlike Achilles told his comrades to place a large tripod on the fire, so they could wash   the blood clots from his comrade’s corpse. On the blazing fire, they set a cauldron with three legs, poured water in it, then brought split wood to burn below the water. Fire licked the cauldron’s belly and made the water hot. Once it had boiled inside the shining bronze, they washed him, rubbed oil thickly over him, and filled his wounds with ointment nine years old. Then they placed Patroclus on a bed, covering him with a fine woollen cloth from head to foot and a white cloak on the cloth. Then all night long,  the Myrmidons around swift-footed Achilles mourned Patroclus with their lamentations.

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/lee/2.html

The middle panel depicts the scene in The Iliad in which Achilles mourns the death of his dear friend Patroclus, killed after he borrowed the hero's armor when he refused to fight. Achilles thereupon returns battle in order to avenge him, thereby exchanging a promised long fruitful life for glory and an early death.

Iliad 18:1-147

主題: 悲傷與憤怒

Iliad 18: 1-147

《伊利亞特》第十八卷轉折描述Achilles得知Patroclus死訊後，內心悲憤與激動。聽到Patroclus的噩耗，Achilles立即用黑土塗臉、黑色塵埃抹衣袍 (Iliad 18.22-26)，全營的人皆痛哭，Thetis的仙女群、Nereus的女兒們都一起悲泣。

還好他的母親仙女Thetis出面安慰，並提醒他，殺了Hector，Achilles自己的死期也近了。Achilles還是憤恨填胸，非得報此仇，Thetis要他等一下，他將去請Hephaestus幫Achilles打造一面新的盾牌。

Achilles是大英雄，但似乎情緒管理比較不理想。《伊利亞特》第一卷一出場，就是Achilles生氣，一路下來，他的氣都未消，此刻又火上加火，只是，這次是因為Patroclus 之死。Achilles也知道生氣會讓人失去理智，只是Achilles說一句話，耐人尋味: 生氣滴在心頭，比蜂蜜更甘甜 (Iliad 18. 109)。怎麼會如此比喻? 也許這份憤怒點燃Achilles的鬥志，好戰的他，內心有點雀躍，終於可以大展身手?

   

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D97 τὴν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὀχθήσας προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς: ‘αὐτίκα τεθναίην, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἄρ᾽ ἔμελλον ἑταίρῳ κτεινομένῳ ἐπαμῦναι: ὃ μὲν μάλα τηλόθι πάτρης ἔφθιτ᾽, ἐμεῖο δὲ δῆσεν ἀρῆς ἀλκτῆρα γενέσθαι. νῦν δ᾽ ἐπεὶ οὐ νέομαί γε φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν, οὐδέ τι Πατρόκλῳ γενόμην φάος οὐδ᾽ ἑτάροισι τοῖς ἄλλοις, οἳ δὴ πολέες δάμεν Ἕκτορι δίῳ, ἀλλ᾽ ἧμαι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἐτώσιον ἄχθος ἀρούρης, τοῖος ἐὼν οἷος οὔ τις Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων ἐν πολέμῳ: ἀγορῇ δέ τ᾽ ἀμείνονές εἰσι καὶ ἄλλοι. ὡς ἔρις ἔκ τε θεῶν ἔκ τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἀπόλοιτο καὶ χόλος, ὅς τ᾽ ἐφέηκε πολύφρονά περ χαλεπῆναι, ὅς τε πολὺ γλυκίων μέλιτος καταλειβομένοιο ἀνδρῶν ἐν στήθεσσιν ἀέξεται ἠΰτε καπνός: ὡς ἐμὲ νῦν ἐχόλωσεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν προτετύχθαι ἐάσομεν ἀχνύμενοί περ, θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλον δαμάσαντες ἀνάγκῃ: νῦν δ᾽ εἶμ᾽ ὄφρα φίλης κεφαλῆς ὀλετῆρα κιχείω Ἕκτορα: κῆρα δ᾽ ἐγὼ τότε δέξομαι ὁππότε κεν δὴ Ζεὺς ἐθέλῃ τελέσαι ἠδ᾽ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι. (Iliad 18. 97-116) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad18.htm Swift-footed Achilles answered her with passion: “Then let me die, since I could not prevent the death of my companion. He’s fallen far from his homeland. He needed me there to protect him from destruction. So now, since I’m not returning to my own dear land, and for Patroclus was no saving light or for my many other comrades, all those killed by godlike Hector while I sat here by the ships, a useless burden   on the earth—and I’m unmatched in warfare by any other Achaean armed in bronze, although in council other men are better— so let wars disappear from gods and men and passionate anger, too, which incites even the prudent man to that sweet rage, sweeter than trickling honey in men’s throats, which builds up like smoke inside their chests, as Agamemnon, king of men, just now, made me enraged. But we’ll let that pass.  For all the pain I feel, I’ll suppress the heart within my chest, as I must. So now I’ll go to meet Hector, killer of the man I loved. As for my own fate, let it come to me when Zeus and the other deathless gods determine.

以下圖片與資料出處: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis

Thetis and attendants bring armor she had prepared for him to Achilles, an Attic black-figure hydria, c. 575–550 BC, Louvre. 

Iliad 17: 1-69

主題: 不要逞一時的口頭之快

Iliad 17: 1-69

《伊利亞特》第十七卷是部插曲，在Patroclus身亡，到讓Achilles得知此噩耗中間的過程，穿插的是兩軍爭Patroclus屍體的激烈場面，這一主題的發展，會一直在第十八卷238行才結束，一方面展現Patroclus的重要，另一方面也預告之後會凌虐Hector的屍體，當然也和之後Priam懇求Achilles還兒子的屍體有很多平行的細節。

先出場的是Menelaus，因為基本上，希臘的主將都已受重傷，本卷特別著墨Menelaus的另一原因是他和Patroclus性格比較接近，都有細心、善解人意和敏感的特質。Menelaus第一個站出來要帶回Patroclus的屍體，就像母牛情深深地看著死去的幼犢。第17行提到一詞「甜蜜的生命」(μελιηδέα θυμὸν: μελιηδής，honey-sweet; θυμός soul, spirit)，但，戰場卻不斷奪走這些甜蜜的生命。

特洛伊的Euphorbus出來嗆聲，也因為他的兄弟死於Menelaus之手 (Iliad 14.514-519)，此刻他要報復。

第18-32行，是Menelaus回Euphorbus的一段話，要他不要高傲自大，最後還說出一句希臘名言: 蠢人從災難中學習。只是，這些淺顯易懂的道理，勸別人去做的多，真正要求自己做到的少。

當Euphorbus口頭上佔上風時，應該沒想到沒過多久就被對方擊死。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D17%3Acard%3D1 τὸν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὀχθήσας προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος: ‘Ζεῦ πάτερ οὐ μὲν καλὸν ὑπέρβιον εὐχετάασθαι. οὔτ᾽ οὖν παρδάλιος τόσσον μένος οὔτε λέοντος οὔτε συὸς κάπρου ὀλοόφρονος, οὗ τε μέγιστος θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι περὶ σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνει, ὅσσον Πάνθου υἷες ἐϋμμελίαι φρονέουσιν. οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδὲ βίη Ὑπερήνορος ἱπποδάμοιο ἧς ἥβης ἀπόνηθ᾽, ὅτε μ᾽ ὤνατο καί μ᾽ ὑπέμεινε καί μ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἐν Δαναοῖσιν ἐλέγχιστον πολεμιστὴν ἔμμεναι: οὐδέ ἕ φημι πόδεσσί γε οἷσι κιόντα εὐφρῆναι ἄλοχόν τε φίλην κεδνούς τε τοκῆας. ὥς θην καὶ σὸν ἐγὼ λύσω μένος εἴ κέ μευ ἄντα στήῃς: ἀλλά σ᾽ ἔγωγ᾽ ἀναχωρήσαντα κελεύω ἐς πληθὺν ἰέναι, μηδ᾽ ἀντίος ἵστασ᾽ ἐμεῖο πρίν τι κακὸν παθέειν: ῥεχθὲν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω. (Iliad 17. 18-32) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad17.htm With a great scowl, fair-haired Menelaus then replied: “By Father Zeus, such arrogant boasting has no great merit. The spirit in a leopard,   lion, or ferocious boar, whose chest contains the fiercest and the strongest fury— none of these, it seems, can match the arrogance in sons of Panthous with their long ash spears. But not even horse-taming Hyperenor,  strong as he was, got much enjoyment from his youthful vigour, once he’d mocked me, as he waited when I came against him, calling me the most unworthy warrior among Danaans. I don’t think he went home to cheer up his dear wife and worthy parents on his own two feet. So if you stand here against me, I’ll drain your strength as well, just as I did his. In fact, I’d advise you  to retreat, get back to your companions.  Don’t oppose me, in case you run into something unwelcome. From experience there are lessons even fools can learn.” 字彙: νήπιος infant, child

以下圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbus

Menelaus and Hector fighting over the body of Euphorbus, Rhodian plate in the Middle Wild Goat style, c. 600 BC, British Museum.

Iliad 16.777-867

主題: Patroclus之死

Iliad 16. 777-867

《伊利亞特》第十六卷終結在帕特羅克洛斯之死。而且，就在一瞬間，情勢丕變。

第777行起，原本希臘人還佔上風，搶Cebriones的屍體。時間點，太陽西下耕牛下軛時(Iliad 16.779)，是一天三分之二的時間，通常指傍晚，Patroclus大展身手，每一次出手都殺九人，連續三次，但第四次出手時，Apollo出現，奪走Patroclus的戰袍，鋼盔落入Hector手中，長矛粉碎；瞬間Patroclus頭昏腦脹，往後退，Hector當機立斷，拿起大刀砍Patroclus的腹部。史詩用的比喻是: 兇猛的獅子總算戰勝不知疲憊的野豬，這兩頭兇猛的野獸搶甚麼? 水。獅子和野豬的高下早已分曉，水是有限的，非全力以赴，難以奪得。

臨死之前， Patroclus還是嗆聲，預告Hector會死在Achilles的手下。Hector最後還用腳踹Patroclus 的屍體，此刻Automedon 騎快馬運走屍體。這些神馬大有來頭，是眾神送給Peleus，作為他和Thetis結婚的賀禮。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D16%3Acard%3D818   Ἕκτωρ δ᾽ ὡς εἶδεν Πατροκλῆα μεγάθυμον ἂψ ἀναχαζόμενον βεβλημένον ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, ἀγχίμολόν ῥά οἱ ἦλθε κατὰ στίχας, οὖτα δὲ δουρὶ νείατον ἐς κενεῶνα, διὰ πρὸ δὲ χαλκὸν ἔλασσε: δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, μέγα δ᾽ ἤκαχε λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν: ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε σῦν ἀκάμαντα λέων ἐβιήσατο χάρμῃ, ὥ τ᾽ ὄρεος κορυφῇσι μέγα φρονέοντε μάχεσθον πίδακος ἀμφ᾽ ὀλίγης: ἐθέλουσι δὲ πιέμεν ἄμφω: πολλὰ δέ τ᾽ ἀσθμαίνοντα λέων ἐδάμασσε βίηφιν: ὣς πολέας πεφνόντα Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμον υἱὸν Ἕκτωρ Πριαμίδης σχεδὸν ἔγχεϊ θυμὸν ἀπηύρα, καί οἱ ἐπευχόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα: Πάτροκλ᾽ ἦ που ἔφησθα πόλιν κεραϊξέμεν ἁμήν, Τρωϊάδας δὲ γυναῖκας ἐλεύθερον ἦμαρ ἀπούρας ἄξειν ἐν νήεσσι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν νήπιε: τάων δὲ πρόσθ᾽ Ἕκτορος ὠκέες ἵπποι ποσσὶν ὀρωρέχαται πολεμίζειν: ἔγχεϊ δ᾽ αὐτὸς Τρωσὶ φιλοπτολέμοισι μεταπρέπω, ὅ σφιν ἀμύνω ἦμαρ ἀναγκαῖον: σὲ δέ τ᾽ ἐνθάδε γῦπες ἔδονται. ἆ δείλ᾽, οὐδέ τοι ἐσθλὸς ἐὼν χραίσμησεν Ἀχιλλεύς, ὅς πού τοι μάλα πολλὰ μένων ἐπετέλλετ᾽ ἰόντι: μή μοι πρὶν ἰέναι Πατρόκλεες ἱπποκέλευθε νῆας ἔπι γλαφυρὰς πρὶν Ἕκτορος ἀνδροφόνοιο αἱματόεντα χιτῶνα περὶ στήθεσσι δαΐξαι. ὥς πού σε προσέφη, σοὶ δὲ φρένας ἄφρονι πεῖθε. (Iliad 16. 818-842) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad16.htm But when Hector noticed brave Patroclus going back, wounded by sharp bronze, he moved up through the ranks, stood close to Patroclus and struck him with his spear,  low in the stomach, driving the bronze straight through. Patroclus fell with a crash, and Achaea’s army was filled with anguish. Just as a lion overcomes a tireless wild boar in combat, when both beasts fight bravely in the mountains over a small spring where they both want to drink, and the lion’s strength brings down the panting boar—that’s how Hector, moving close in with his spear, destroyed the life   of Menoetius’ noble son, who’d killed so many men. Then Hector spoke winged words of triumph over him: “Patroclus, you thought you’d raze our city,   robbing our women of their life of freedom, taking them in ships to your dear native land. You fool! In front of them, Hector’s horses, swift of foot, came out to fight. With the spear I’m the very best war-loving Trojan, and I’ve saved them from their fatal day. Now vultures will eat you here. You poor wretch,  even Achilles, for all his courage, was no use to you. Though he stayed behind, he must have given you strict orders as you left, ‘Don’t return to me, horseman Patroclus, at the hollow ships, until you’ve slashed blood  all over man-killing Hector’s tunic from his own chest.’

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/automedon-with-the-horses-of-achilles-31014

Automedon with the Horses of Achilles

Regnault’s painting illustrates a story from Homer’s Iliad. Automedon, chariot driver for the Greek warrior Achilles, restrains the horses Xanthos (behind) and Balios, two beasts who could predict the future. As Regnault wrote, “the horses, aware that their master link is taking them into combat, and that this combat will be the last and will cost him his life, struggle and wrest with the groom who has come to take them from their pasture. One of them, chestnut brown, rises like a great dark phantom, outlining himself against the sky. I wanted to give the picture a foretaste of disaster.”

Inscription

Lower left: H. Regnault / Rome. / 1868

Provenance

By 1872, acquired in France by Levi Parsons Morton (b. 1824 - d. 1920), New York [see note 1]; March 1, 1882, Morton sale, George A. Leavitt and Co., New York, lot 157, to Samuel A. Coale, St. Louis, MO [see note 2]; 1890, sold by Coale to the MFA for $1000. (Accession Date: June 17, 1890) NOTES: [1] The painting was executed in Rome in 1867/1868 and sent by the artist to Paris. Notes in the curatorial file indicate that Morton acquired it in France, where he served as U.S. Minister, though how and when is not known. It was first published as being in his possession by Henri Cazalès, "Henri Regnault: sa vie et son oeuvre" (Paris, 1872), p. 141. [2] In 1883, Coale exhibited the painting at William and Everett Gallery, Boston. It was on loan to the MFA from 1884 until 1890, during which time funds were raised for its purchase. See Walter Muir Whitehill, "Museum of Fine Arts Boston: A Centennial History" (Cambridge, MA, 1970), vol. 1, pp. 78–81.