Odyssey 8.398-405 gifts of friendship

主題: 禮物

吟唱詩歌，跳舞，在Alcinous宮殿中，無比歡愉。這時，Alcinous盡地主之誼，看眼前這位客人(Odysseus)相貌堂堂，能言善道，體育競技又大獲全勝，要十二位王公，致贈相當的禮物，加上自己也準備一份，共十三份，在古代這就是締結友誼的象徵(οἱ δῶμεν ξεινήιον, the gifts of friendship, Odyssey 8.389)，如今天國際重大場合，元首與各重要首長贈致佳賓或是外交人員的禮物。在《奧德賽》第四卷Menelaus送給來訪的Telemachus 很特別的一個碗(the Phoenician bowl) (Odyssey 4.615-619)。

   因為剛剛Euryalus和Odysseus有些口角，會表示和好，他拿出特別的禮物，是一把劍(sword)，青銅打造，刀把鑲銀，用上等的象牙做刀鞘，珍貴無比。

 

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D385

ὣς ἔφαθ᾽, οἱ δ᾽ ἄρα πάντες ἐπῄνεον ἠδ᾽ ἐκέλευον,

δῶρα δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ οἰσέμεναι πρόεσαν κήρυκα ἕκαστος.

τὸν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ Εὐρύαλος ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε:

‘Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,

τοιγὰρ ἐγὼ τὸν ξεῖνον ἀρέσσομαι, ὡς σὺ κελεύεις.

δώσω οἱ τόδ᾽ ἄορ παγχάλκεον, ᾧ ἔπι κώπη

ἀργυρέη, κολεὸν δὲ νεοπρίστου ἐλέφαντος

ἀμφιδεδίνηται: πολέος δέ οἱ ἄξιον ἔσται. (Odyssey 8.398-405)

字彙

δῶρον: gift, present, gift of honor

κῆρυξ: herald

ἀριδείκετος: famous, glorious

παγχάλκεος: all-brazen

ἄορ: hanger or sword

κώπη: handle

ἀργύρεος: of silver

κολεόν sheath, scabbard

νεόπριστος: fresh-sawn

ἐλέφας elephant

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey8.htm

Alcinous spoke. All those present agreed with him

and said it should be done. Then every one of them

sent an attendant out to bring back presents.

And Euryalus addressed the king and said:  

“Lord Alcinous, most renowned among all men,

to this stranger I will indeed apologize,

as you instruct me. And I’ll give him

a sword completely made of bronze,

with a silver hilt, and scabbard, too,

of fresh-carved ivory which fits around it,

a gift worth a great deal, and just for him.”

下面圖片與資料出處: http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/weapons1.htm

Some medium size early Minoan swords are also represented on a cup dated around 1700-1550 BC.

下面圖片出處: http://www.renderosity.com/mod/bcs/7-ancient-greek-
swords/14847

下面圖片與資料出處: http://www.larp.com/hoplite/greekweapons.html

Tafel 66 from Holger Baitinger's catalog of weapon finds from Olympia.  I have added (approximate) scales in inches and centimeters.  Items 1335 and 1336 are identified as pommels, the larger being hollow-cast bronze and the smaller one wood.  Note that both would be secured by a pair of nails driven into the grip (presumably on either side of the flat tang). The three items at right are scabbard throats ("mouths"), though the middle one at least would only fit a very narrow blade.  1337 is bronze, 1338 is ivory, and 1339 is bone, a winged style clearly visible in at least one vase painting.     Item 1340 is identified as a scabbard chape, and while I was dubious at first it actually does match a surprising number of those shown in artwork.  So that's what I based my own chape on.  Item 1341 is also said to be a chape but is clearly a strap terminal of some sort.

Odyssey 8. 104-198 Δισκοβόλος

主題: 競賽與才能

吃吃喝喝，席間又有歌人吟唱史詩，Alcinous提議戶外運動，比一下拳擊、角力、跳遠和賽跑 (Odyssey 8. 97-103)。 接下來第104-198行，是戶外的競技場合，顯然Alcinous的三個兒子都有不錯的表現，他們先大展身手之後，要挑戰Odysseus，要他也參與競賽，只是，言語輕蔑，所以Odysseus機智地回應。下面引文就是Odysseus的回答，一段精彩的演說。一開場，Odysseus就說，老兄，所言差矣，你這就懵懂無知了。Odysseus的邏輯在於，老天給每個人的才能都不同，有些人俊美，有些人口才好，有些人心地善良，有些人聰明伶俐....。這觀點教我們要懂得欣賞與尊重每個人。

   當然，Odysseus諷刺Euryalus的愚昧無知，真是有演不識泰山。殊不知人不可貌相，Odysseus雖歷經許多磨難，但是可是受過很好的體能訓練喔! 他拿起鐵餅，用力一丟，遠遠勝過前面的其他選手。看來，應該是世界紀錄保持者!

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D165

‘ξεῖν᾽, οὐ καλὸν ἔειπες: ἀτασθάλῳ ἀνδρὶ ἔοικας.

οὕτως οὐ πάντεσσι θεοὶ χαρίεντα διδοῦσιν

ἀνδράσιν, οὔτε φυὴν οὔτ᾽ ἂρ φρένας οὔτ᾽ ἀγορητύν.

ἄλλος μὲν γάρ τ᾽ εἶδος ἀκιδνότερος πέλει ἀνήρ,

ἀλλὰ θεὸς μορφὴν ἔπεσι στέφει, οἱ δέ τ᾽ ἐς αὐτὸν

τερπόμενοι λεύσσουσιν: ὁ δ᾽ ἀσφαλέως ἀγορεύει

αἰδοῖ μειλιχίῃ, μετὰ δὲ πρέπει ἀγρομένοισιν,

ἐρχόμενον δ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ θεὸν ὣς εἰσορόωσιν.

ἄλλος δ᾽ αὖ εἶδος μὲν ἀλίγκιος ἀθανάτοισιν,

ἀλλ᾽ οὔ οἱ χάρις ἀμφιπεριστέφεται ἐπέεσσιν,

ὡς καὶ σοὶ εἶδος μὲν ἀριπρεπές, οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως

οὐδὲ θεὸς τεύξειε, νόον δ᾽ ἀποφώλιός ἐσσι.

ὤρινάς μοι θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισιν

εἰπὼν οὐ κατὰ κόσμον. ἐγὼ δ᾽ οὐ νῆις ἀέθλων,

ὡς σύ γε μυθεῖαι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν πρώτοισιν ὀίω

ἔμμεναι, ὄφρ᾽ ἥβῃ τε πεποίθεα χερσί τ᾽ ἐμῇσι.

νῦν δ᾽ ἔχομαι κακότητι καὶ ἄλγεσι: πολλὰ γὰρ ἔτλην

ἀνδρῶν τε πτολέμους ἀλεγεινά τε κύματα πείρων.

ἀλλὰ καὶ ὥς, κακὰ πολλὰ παθών, πειρήσομ᾽ ἀέθλων:

θυμοδακὴς γὰρ μῦθος, ἐπώτρυνας δέ με εἰπών. (Odyssey 8. 165-185)

字彙

ἀτάσθαλος reckless, presumptuous, wicked

φυή growth, stature

φρήν midriff, mind, heart

ἀγορητύς eloquence

εἶδος that which is seen: form, shape

ἀκιδνός weak, feeble

μορφή form, shape

ἔπος word

στέφος crown, wreath, garland

ἀσφαλής not liable to fall, immovable, steadfast

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey8.htm

“Stranger, what you’ve said is not so wise,

like a man whose foolishness is blinding him.

How true it is the gods do not present

their lovely gifts to all men equally,     

not beauty, shape, or skill in speaking out.

One man’s appearance may not be attractive,

but a god will crown his words with beauty,

so men rejoice to look on him—he speaks

with confidence and yet sweet modesty,

and thus stands out among those in assembly,

and when he moves throughout the city,

they look at him as if he were a god.

And yet another man can be so beautiful,

he looks like an immortal, but his words  

are empty of all grace. That’s how you are.

Your appearance is particularly handsome—

a god could hardly make that any finer—

but your mind is empty. Your rude speech

has stirred the spirit in my chest. For I

am not without skill in competition,

not the way you chat about. No. In fact,  

when I relied upon my youth and strength,

I think I ranked among the very best.

Now I’m hurt and suffering, I’m holding back,     

because I’ve gone through so much misery

in dealing with men’s wars and painful waves.

But still, though I have undergone so much,

I’ll test myself in these contests of yours.

For what you’ve said is gnawing at my heart—

that speech which you just made provokes me.”

以下圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discobolus

The Discobolus of Myron ("discus thrower", Greek: Δισκοβόλος, Diskobólos) is a Greek sculpture that was completed towards the end of the Severe period, circa 460-450 BC.

Roman bronze reduction of Myron's Discobolus, 2nd century AD (Glyptothek, Munich).

Odyssey 8. 62-82 ἀοιδός

主題: 歌人

ἀοιδός, singer, minstrel, bard，中文翻譯成吟唱詩人或歌人，Alcinous邀請來的這位大有來頭，名叫Demodocus，常被認為是荷馬自己的化身。

   外頭Alcinous選好52位人員，備黑船展白帆備糧食等。裡面，宮殿擠滿人群Alcinous宰殺了12頭羊，8頭豬，2頭壯牛，開始盛宴。傳令官Pontonous帶著歌人Demodocus進來宴會廳中間。

  細讀62-82行，可以窺見荷馬對歌人或自己職業的定位：歌人，謬思女神所眷顧的，但是，有得必有失，有吟唱詩歌的才華，視力卻奪走。還有，歌人的位置在宴會廳的中央，坐的還是高檔的鑲銀的椅子，座位旁還有有一小桌，有酒有肉，隨時可以享用。古代椅子有象徵意義，這位置與座椅說明Alcinous非常重視歌人。從67-68行的描述，可知這弦琴(φόρμιγξ, lyre)體積龐大，需掛在木橛上，甚至需要傳令官Pontonous幫助歌人找到手放的位置。

   歌人唱的內容，基本上就是特洛伊戰爭，就是《伊里亞特》，所以一般人都認為Demodocus就是荷馬。Odysseus聽到自己的故事，有感而發，淚流滿面。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D46

κῆρυξ δ᾽ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθεν ἄγων ἐρίηρον ἀοιδόν,

τὸν πέρι μοῦσ᾽ ἐφίλησε, δίδου δ᾽ ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε:

ὀφθαλμῶν μὲν ἄμερσε, δίδου δ᾽ ἡδεῖαν ἀοιδήν.

τῷ δ᾽ ἄρα Ποντόνοος θῆκε θρόνον ἀργυρόηλον

μέσσῳ δαιτυμόνων, πρὸς κίονα μακρὸν ἐρείσας:

κὰδ δ᾽ ἐκ πασσαλόφι κρέμασεν φόρμιγγα λίγειαν

αὐτοῦ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς καὶ ἐπέφραδε χερσὶν ἑλέσθαι

κῆρυξ: πὰρ δ᾽ ἐτίθει κάνεον καλήν τε τράπεζαν,

πὰρ δὲ δέπας οἴνοιο, πιεῖν ὅτε θυμὸς ἀνώγοι.

οἱ δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ὀνείαθ᾽ ἑτοῖμα προκείμενα χεῖρας ἴαλλον.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,

μοῦσ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἀοιδὸν ἀνῆκεν ἀειδέμεναι κλέα ἀνδρῶν,

οἴμης τῆς τότ᾽ ἄρα κλέος οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἵκανε,

νεῖκος Ὀδυσσῆος καὶ Πηλεΐδεω Ἀχιλῆος,

ὥς ποτε δηρίσαντο θεῶν ἐν δαιτὶ θαλείῃ

ἐκπάγλοις ἐπέεσσιν, ἄναξ δ᾽ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων

χαῖρε νόῳ, ὅ τ᾽ ἄριστοι Ἀχαιῶν δηριόωντο.

ὣς γάρ οἱ χρείων μυθήσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων

Πυθοῖ ἐν ἠγαθέῃ, ὅθ᾽ ὑπέρβη λάινον οὐδὸν

χρησόμενος: τότε γάρ ῥα κυλίνδετο πήματος ἀρχὴ

Τρωσί τε καὶ Δαναοῖσι Διὸς μεγάλου διὰ βουλάς.

(Odyssey 8. 62-82)

字彙

ὀφθαλμός eye

πάσσαλος peg

φόρμιγξ lyre

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey8.htm

Meanwhile the herald was returning

with the loyal singer, a man the Muse so loved

above all others. She’d given him both bad and good,

for she’d destroyed his eyes but had bestowed on him

the gift of pleasing song. The herald, Pontonous,

then brought up a silver-studded chair for him.

He set its back against a lofty pillar in their midst,

hung the clear-toned lyre on a peg above his head,      

then showed him how to reach it with his hands.

The herald placed a lovely table at his side,

with food in a basket and a cup of wine to drink,

when his heart felt the urge. Then all those present 

reached for the splendid dinner set in front of them.

Once they’d enjoyed their heart’s fill of food and drink,

the minstrel was inspired by the Muse to sing

a song about the glorious deeds of warriors,

that tale, whose fame had climbed to spacious heaven,

about Odysseus and Achilles, son of Peleus, 

when, at a lavish feast in honour of the gods,

they’d fought each other in ferocious argument.1

Still, in his heart Agamemnon, king of men,

had been glad to see the finest of Achaeans

quarrelling, for that’s what he’d been told would happen,

when he’d crossed the stone threshold in sacred Pytho

to consult Phoebus Apollo in his oracle

and the god had answered him with this reply—

that from this point on, disasters would begin                                      

for Trojans and Danaans, as great Zeus willed.  

下面圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer#mediaviewer/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_(1874).jpg

Homer and His Guide, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905), portraying Homer on Mount Ida, beset by dogs and guided by the goatherder Glaucus (as told in Pseudo-Herodotus)

下面圖片出處: http://www.brunswick.k12.me.us/hdwyer/files/2012/08/odysseus_crying.gif

    

λιβανωτός frankincense

Herodotus 提到古代阿拉伯是產香料的唯一地區。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D107%3Asection%3D1

πρὸς δ᾽ αὖ μεσαμβρίης ἐσχάτη Ἀραβίη τῶν οἰκεομενέων χωρέων ἐστί, ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ λιβανωτός τε ἐστὶ μούνῃ χωρέων πασέων φυόμενος καὶ σμύρνη καὶ κασίη καὶ κινάμωμον καὶ λήδανον. ταῦτα πάντα πλὴν τῆς σμύρνης δυσπετέως κτῶνται οἱ Ἀράβιοι. (Htd. 3.107.1)

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D107%3Asection%3D1

Again, Arabia is the most distant to the south of all inhabited countries: and this is the only country which produces frankincense and myrrh and casia and cinnamon and gum-mastich. All these except myrrh are difficult for the Arabians to get.

λιβανωτός frankincense

σμύρνα myrrh, Balsamodendron Myrrha

κασία cassia, Cinnamomum iners

κιννάμωμον Cinnamomum Cassia

λάδανον an aromatic gum, gum mastich
_______________

維基百科資料: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A6%99
乳香（frankincense）是一種由橄欖科植物乳香木（Boswellia thurifera 或Boswellia sacra）產出的含有揮發油的香味樹脂，古代用於宗教祭典，也當作熏香料（製造熏香、精油的原料）使用。乳香也是中藥的一種外科和內科藥材，用於止痛、化瘀、活血，乳香「性溫，療耳聾、中風、口噤、婦人血風。能發酒治風，冷止大腸，泄僻療諸瘡癤，令內消。」[1]。趙汝適在《諸蕃志》卷下《乳香》載：「乳香，一名薫陸香，出大食之麻囉拔、施曷、奴發三國深山窮谷中。其樹大概類榕，以斧斫株，脂溢於外，結而成香，聚而爲塊」。在西方的文獻紀載中，乳香用做消炎、殺菌、鎮定，促進細胞再生，現代也逐漸有人使用一滴乳香精油塗抹臉部，抗皺。乳香在古法文為franc encens，表示「真/貴重」「香料」，形容它在古代歐洲多貴重。該說法現在還在許多歐洲語言中使用。乳香一詞是因為阿拉伯文稱之為「奶」（al-lubán）而來，理由是樹脂從乳香木滴出時像乳液一樣。乳香產於乳香木，採集方法是在樹皮上割開傷口，流出乳狀汁液，接觸空氣後變硬，成為黃色微紅的半透明凝塊。乳香主要產地是索馬里、葉門、阿曼的杜法爾和哈德拉毛地區，古代的集散中心是以示巴王國為中心的葉門地區。

Asian Bird Cherry

今天讀一段Herodotus，提到古代The Scythian Agrippaei 吃一種奇特果實維生:  ponticum (Htd. 4.23)。從Herodotus的希臘觀點看，Scythian也是遊牧民族，風俗習慣與飲食生活都很奇特，吃野果似乎很不可思議。若從宇宙觀點觀看，顯然，大地無盡寶藏，人的生存自有道理。

Bird Cherry or Hackberry or Asian Bird Cherry Ποντικός Prunus Padus

____________

ποντικὸν μὲν οὔνομα τῷ δενδρέῳ ἀπ᾽ οὗ ζῶσι, μέγαθος δὲ κατὰ συκέην μάλιστά κῃ. καρπὸν δὲ φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον, πυρῆνα δὲ ἔχει. τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον, σακκέουσι ἱματίοισι, ἀπορρέει δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παχὺ καὶ μέλαν: οὔνομα δὲ τῷ ἀπορρέοντι ἐστὶ ἄσχυ: τοῦτο καὶ λείχουσι καὶ γάλακτι συμμίσγοντες πίνουσι, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς παχύτητος αὐτοῦ τῆς τρυγὸς παλάθας συντιθεῖσι καὶ ταύτας σιτέονται. (Htd. 4.23.3).

The tree by which they live is called “Pontic”; it is about the size of a fig-tree, and bears a fruit as big as a bean, with a stone in it. When this fruit is ripe, they strain it through cloth, and a thick black liquid comes from it, which they call “aschu”; they lick this up or drink it mixed with milk, and from the thickest lees of it they make cakes, and eat them.

下面圖片來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_padus

Odyssey 8. 1-45 東與西

第八卷描述Odysseus到Phaeacians居住的Scheria島的第二天。昨天Odysseus顯然吃飽睡足，第二天早上起來容光煥發，精神奕奕。國王Alcinous召集各路首領與顯達人士，宣佈馬上為這位陌生訪客被船，幫助他返鄉。從第26-45行，我們可以看到Alcinous的好客與通情達理。首先，Alcinous根本還不知道這位陌生客人姓名，也不知他來自東方，還是西方。ἠοῖος是日出的方向，也是東方的意思。Ἑσπέριος是日落之方向，西方的意思。如果只看中譯本或英譯本，可能會誤會荷馬史詩已有東西對立的概念；其實，詩人在此是強調不知這位客人是從日出之方向來，還是從日落的方向來。我們似乎都用現在的地圖去想像奧德修斯的旅遊，如果換成古代的世界觀與地理概念，應該很不一樣吧?!

   Alcinous非常重視這位客人，他強調他們這兒從來沒怠慢任何客人，最重要的關鍵字是: πομπή，分別在31和33行出現，英文翻譯有escort, conduct, conveyance，意思是提供好的船隻與船員安全地護送客人返回自己的家鄉。細細思考，這字和佛法思維裡的「渡」概念相似。

   Alcinous馬上挑選烏黑船隻，選52位人員，備糧食等。同時，請客人到宮殿大廳，一起聆聽盲眼吟唱詩人Demodocus神乎其技的表演。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D1

κέκλυτε, Φαιήκων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες,

ὄφρ᾽ εἴπω τά με θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι κελεύει.

ξεῖνος ὅδ᾽, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅς τις, ἀλώμενος ἵκετ᾽ ἐμὸν δῶ,

ἠὲ πρὸς ἠοίων ἦ ἑσπερίων ἀνθρώπων:

πομπὴν δ᾽ ὀτρύνει, καὶ λίσσεται ἔμπεδον εἶναι.

ἡμεῖς δ᾽, ὡς τὸ πάρος περ, ἐποτρυνώμεθα πομπήν.

οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ τις ἄλλος, ὅτις κ᾽ ἐμὰ δώμαθ᾽ ἵκηται,

ἐνθάδ᾽ ὀδυρόμενος δηρὸν μένει εἵνεκα πομπῆς.

ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε νῆα μέλαιναν ἐρύσσομεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν

πρωτόπλοον, κούρω δὲ δύω καὶ πεντήκοντα

κρινάσθων κατὰ δῆμον, ὅσοι πάρος εἰσὶν ἄριστοι.

δησάμενοι δ᾽ ἐὺ πάντες ἐπὶ κληῖσιν ἐρετμὰ

ἔκβητ᾽: αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα θοὴν ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτα

ἡμέτερόνδ᾽ ἐλθόντες: ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἐὺ πᾶσι παρέξω.

κούροισιν μὲν ταῦτ᾽ ἐπιτέλλομαι: αὐτὰρ οἱ ἄλλοι

σκηπτοῦχοι βασιλῆες ἐμὰ πρὸς δώματα καλὰ

ἔρχεσθ᾽, ὄφρα ξεῖνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι φιλέωμεν,

μηδέ τις ἀρνείσθω. καλέσασθε δὲ θεῖον ἀοιδὸν

Δημόδοκον: τῷ γάρ ῥα θεὸς πέρι δῶκεν ἀοιδὴν

τέρπειν, ὅππῃ θυμὸς ἐποτρύνῃσιν ἀείδειν.

(Odyssey 8. 26-45)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey8.htm

  “Listen to me,  you Phaeacian counsellors and leaders.
I’ll tell you what the heart in my chest says.
This stranger here, a man I do not know,
a wanderer, has travelled to my house,
from people in the east or from the west.
He’s asking to be sent away back home   

and has requested confirmation from us.
So let us act as we have done before
and assist him with his journey. No man
arriving at my palace stays there long     

grieving because he cannot get back home.
Let’s drag a black ship down into the sea
for her first voyage. Then from the citizens
choose fifty-two young men who in the past
have shown they are the best. Once they’ve all lashed
the oars firmly in place, they’ll come ashore,
go to my house, and quickly make a meal.
I will provide enough for everyone.
That’s what I’m ordering for our young men.      
But all you other sceptre-bearing kings 
should come to my fine home, so in those halls
we can make the stranger welcome. No man
should deny me this. And then summon there
the godlike minstrel Demodocus, the man
who has received from god the gift of song
above all others. He can entertain us
with any song his heart prompts him to sing.”

下面圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_compass_winds#mediaviewer/File:Aristotle_wind_rose_(45-degree).svg

Aristotle's wind rose (correspondence to modern compass directions)

Alternative depiction of the wind rose of Aristotle, on the basis of his his Meteorologica. This depiction assumes that eight winds are principal winds (45-degrees) and four are half-winds (22.5-degrees) on a compass rose, and thus their correspondence with modern compass directions (N, NNE, NE, etc.) This correspondence is one of several interpretations. It is not necessarily implied in Aristotle's text. (There are other interpretations, e.g. 30-degree angles each.)

下面圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)

 下面圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheria#mediaviewer/File:Departure_of_Ulysses_from_the_Land_of_the_Pheacians.jpg

Odysseus departs from the Land of the Pheacians. Painting by Claude Lorrain