2015年4月25日 星期六

Iliad 16.198-277

主題: Achilles的禱告
Iliad 16.198-277

  

《伊利亞特》第十六卷168-197行寫到Achilles還幫Patroclus先部署好他率領的五十艘船艦的部隊,分成五大隊;出發前還用一段演講,激勵人心,當中提到,大家都說Achilles的母親為他的是膽汁(Iliad 16. 203-206),不是牛奶,所以他脾氣暴躁,沒有同情心。這段話,顯然是因為之前Patroclus提到Achilles的蠻狠(Iliad 16. 33ff),大英雄真的很在意這些話。此外,傳說中Achilles小時候也是送到人馬獸Cheiron那兒學習,有一說法,那兒的主要飲食是野獸的血與肉。不管怎樣,Achilles用這番話激勵人心,大家士氣大增,準備號迎敵。

Achilles的部隊人數並不多,但是有一特色是,合作團結,在Achilles的訓練下,他們排出緊密的隊形,向高牆堆砌的石磚,密不通風,固若磐石。這一群團結的部隊,向一群團結的狼 (Iliad 16.156 ff),也像攻擊力強的馬蜂(Iliad 16.259-265)。

這些準備還不夠,Achilles還是不放心,所以,打開從家鄉運來的寶箱,拿出最好的金盃裝酒,獻給宙斯並為Patroclus和他帶出去的部隊禱告 (Iliad 16. 220-230),祈求他們旗開得勝,並平安歸來。這個願望只會實現一半。
這隻寶箱,有點像今天出國必帶的登機箱或行李箱,是母親Thetis為Achilles準備,裏頭裝有衣物和必要的器皿等。Achilles拿出上等的杯子,還先用硫磺洗淨,再裝酒(Iliad 16. 228-30)。古希臘硫磺洗滌,有清潔與宗教的意義,θέειον (sulphur)的字根就是神 (θεο-),味道又和宙斯的閃電類似。另一個有名的例子是Odysseus 在殺了眾多霸佔他們家多年的惡霸,也用硫磺潔淨他的家(Odyssey 22. 481 ff),一方面洗除血跡,一方面也有神聖的洗滌之意義。



             αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς
βῆ ῥ᾽ ἴμεν ἐς κλισίην, χηλοῦ δ᾽ ἀπὸ πῶμ᾽ ἀνέῳγε
καλῆς δαιδαλέης, τήν οἱ Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα
θῆκ᾽ ἐπὶ νηὸς ἄγεσθαι ἐῢ πλήσασα χιτώνων
χλαινάων τ᾽ ἀνεμοσκεπέων οὔλων τε ταπήτων.
ἔνθα δέ οἱ δέπας ἔσκε τετυγμένον, οὐδέ τις ἄλλος
οὔτ᾽ ἀνδρῶν πίνεσκεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ αἴθοπα οἶνον,
οὔτέ τεῳ σπένδεσκε θεῶν, ὅτε μὴ Διὶ πατρί.
τό ῥα τότ᾽ ἐκ χηλοῖο λαβὼν ἐκάθηρε θεείῳ
πρῶτον, ἔπειτα δ᾽ ἔνιψ᾽ ὕδατος καλῇσι ῥοῇσι,
νίψατο δ᾽ αὐτὸς χεῖρας, ἀφύσσατο δ᾽ αἴθοπα οἶνον. (Iliad 16. 220-30)

Achilles went into his hut and opened up the lid
on a beautifully decorated chest
placed on board his ship by silver-footed Thetis
for him to take. She’d packed it with cloaks and tunics,
and woollen blankets, too—protection from the wind.
There he kept an ornate goblet. Other than Achilles   
no one used it to drink gleaming wine. With this cup
Achilles poured libations to no god but Father Zeus.
Taking this out of the chest, first he purified it
with sulphur, then rinsed it out in streams of water.
He washed his hands and drew some gleaming wine.  

字彙
χηλός large chest, coffer  
θέειον (sulphur)          



Iliad 16.101-197


主題: 披掛上陣,但是....
Iliad 16.101-197

大家都知道因為阿奇里斯因為和阿加曼儂不合而拒絕作戰時,Patroclus披上他的盔甲,領導邁爾彌頓人(Myrmidons)殺了許多特洛伊人,包括了Sarpedon (宙斯與歐羅芭之子)與赫克特(Hector)的雙輪馬車駕駛Cebriones。最終,在太陽神阿波羅(Apollo)的幫助下,他被Hector所殺。
  但是,一般人都沒注意到,史詩紀載雖然Patroclus披上阿奇里斯的盔甲,卻沒使用阿奇里斯的的投槍(spear),因為這投槍又大又重,除了阿奇里斯,沒人拿得動。
  這支槍大有來頭,還有專有名稱: 佩利昂梣木槍 (the Pelian spear of ash),是Cheiron 佩利昂高峰取得,贈給阿奇里斯父親,也是寶貴又神奇的傳家寶。
   少一把投槍,其實真正少的是能力與實力,Patroclus終究不是阿奇里斯,終究輸給Hector。阿奇里斯還是把他的副手推向死亡,一套戰袍,根本無法保護脆弱的生命。


ἔγχος δ᾽ οὐχ ἕλετ᾽ οἶον ἀμύμονος Αἰακίδαο
βριθὺ μέγα στιβαρόν: τὸ μὲν οὐ δύνατ᾽ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν
πάλλειν, ἀλλά μιν οἶος ἐπίστατο πῆλαι Ἀχιλλεὺς
Πηλιάδα μελίην, τὴν πατρὶ φίλῳ πόρε Χείρων
Πηλίου ἐκ κορυφῆς, φόνον ἔμμεναι ἡρώεσσιν.
ἵππους δ᾽ Αὐτομέδοντα θοῶς ζευγνῦμεν ἄνωγε,
τὸν μετ᾽ Ἀχιλλῆα ῥηξήνορα τῖε μάλιστα,
πιστότατος δέ οἱ ἔσκε μάχῃ ἔνι μεῖναι ὁμοκλήν.
τῷ δὲ καὶ Αὐτομέδων ὕπαγε ζυγὸν ὠκέας ἵππους
Ξάνθον καὶ Βαλίον, τὼ ἅμα πνοιῇσι πετέσθην,
τοὺς ἔτεκε Ζεφύρῳ ἀνέμῳ Ἅρπυια Ποδάργη
βοσκομένη λειμῶνι παρὰ ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο.
ἐν δὲ παρηορίῃσιν ἀμύμονα Πήδασον ἵει,
τόν ῥά ποτ᾽ Ἠετίωνος ἑλὼν πόλιν ἤγαγ᾽ Ἀχιλλεύς,
ὃς καὶ θνητὸς ἐὼν ἕπεθ᾽ ἵπποις ἀθανάτοισι. (Iliad 16. 140-54)

He’d didn’t choose Achilles’ spear,   
for no Achaean man could wield that weapon,
so heavy, huge, and strong, except for brave Achilles.   
It was made of ash wood from the peak of Pelion.
Cheiron gave it to Achilles’ father to kill warriors.
Patroclus told Automedon to yoke the horses quickly,
the man he most esteemed after Achilles,
breaker of men, and the one he trusted most
to carry out his orders in a battle.
For Patroclus Automedon put swift horses
in the harnesses, Xanthus and Balius, who flew along
as swiftly as the wind. These horses Podarge,
the harpy, had conceived with West Wind, as she grazed 
in a meadow beside the stream of Oceanus.

字彙
Μελία: manna ash, Fraxinus Ornus


以下圖片與資料出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus

The body of Patroclus is lifted by Menelaus and Meriones while Odysseus and others look on (Etruscan relief, 2nd century BC)

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.sunnyfotini.com/blogfiles/Pilion.htm
Pelion, land of the legendary Centaurs, the site chosen by the ancient gods for their weddings and celebrations, rises in lush magnificence to the northeast of Volos . It was here that the centaur Chiron, the wise teacher of demigods and heroes, gave his pupils daily instruction in the proper care of body and soul. Here, as well, the first beauty contest took place between Thetis and Eris. Many-leaved Pelion was an inspiration to Homer, Pindar, and Euripides but also to the modern popular muse who sung of the unquenchable desire of the Greek people for freedom.



2015年4月13日 星期一

古代日蝕

資料ㄧ: 維基百科基本資訊
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%A3%9F
日食,又寫作「日蝕」,是一種天文現象,只在月球運行至太陽地球之間時發生。這時,對地球上的部分地區來說,月球位於太陽前方,因此來自太陽的部分或全部光線被擋住,看起來好像是太陽的一部分或全部消失了。日食只在朔,即月球與太陽呈現的狀態時發生。
日食分為四種,包括日全食、日環食、日偏食及全環食,其中較罕見的是全環食,只發生在地球表面與月球本影尖端非常接近的情形下,這時不同地區會出現日偏食、日全食和日環食三種不同的日食。日全食是一種相當壯麗的自然景象,所以經常吸引許多遊客和天文愛好者特地到海外去觀賞日全食。例如,在1999年8月11日日食發生在歐洲的日全食,吸引了非常多觀光客特地前去觀賞,也有旅行社推出專門為這些遊客設計的行程。

資料二: 古代日食列表




_________________________
嘉陵驛(唐·薛能)
題注:一作題嘉陵江驛


江濤千疊閣千層,銜尾相隨盡室登。
稠樹蔽山聞杜宇,午煙薰日食嘉陵。

頻題石上程多破,暫歇泉邊起不能。
如此幸非名利切,益州來日合攜僧。
_____________________________________

2015年4月12日 星期日

太陽不見了,二讀Odyssey 20.352-357


去年閱讀這段文字,沒有注意到日蝕的比喻。
http://etwonderland.blogspot.tw/2014/06/odyssey-20-345-394.html



ἆ δειλοί, τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμέων
εἰλύαται κεφαλαί τε πρόσωπά τε νέρθε τε γοῦνα.
οἰμωγὴ δὲ δέδηε, δεδάκρυνται δὲ παρειαί,
αἵματι δ᾽ ἐρράδαται τοῖχοι καλαί τε μεσόδμαι:
εἰδώλων δὲ πλέον πρόθυρον, πλείη δὲ καὶ αὐλή,
ἱεμένων Ἔρεβόσδε ὑπὸ ζόφον: ἠέλιος δὲ
οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, κακὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν ἀχλύς.
(Odyssey 20. 352-357)

O you miserable men, what troubles
are you suffering now? Your heads, your faces,
your lower limbs are shrouded in the night.
You’re on fire with grief, faces wet with tears,
fine pedestals and walls have gobs of blood,
the porch is full of ghosts, so is the yard—
ghosts rushing in the dark to Erebus.
Up in the sky the sun has disappeared—
an evil mist is covering everything.
被標示出的文字是356-357行 ἠέλιος δὲ οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, κακὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν ἀχλύς (Up in the sky the sun has disappeared—an evil mist is covering everything).....太陽不見了!
  
 2008年National Geographic出了一篇文章,引起不少關注,也有不少中文媒體轉報導相似訊息:

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080623-homer-eclipse.html?hc_location=ufi

Ancient Eclipse Found in "The Odyssey," Scientists Say

Richard A. Lovett
for National Geographic News
June 23, 2008
"The sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist has overspread the world."
With those words in The Odyssey, Homer laid down not a prophecy of doom but a description of a real-world total solar eclipse, scientific sleuths announced today.
It has been known for decades that there was only one such eclipse during the time period Homer wrote about in the ancient Greek poem—on April 16, 1178 B.C. The blackout even occurred at noon, as described in the epic poem.
But without additional evidence, the idea that Homer's passage describes an eclipse has been pooh-poohed by Homeric scholars.
Now scientists have looked into additional astronomical descriptions in The Odyssey and found them to be consistent with that date for the noontime darkness.
The references relate to moon phases and positions of constellations and planets—phenomena that rarely occur in the sequence described in Homer's work—physicist Marcelo Magnasco said by email. Magnasco co-authored the new study with fellow Rockefeller University scholar Constantino Baikouzis, an astronomer.
The scientists used astronomical software to simulate the Greek skies, night by night, over a 135-year period surrounding the eclipse.
Even without using the eclipse itself in their calculations, the researchers found only one date for the noontime darkness: April 16, 1178 B.C.


Scientific American也有報導


http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/homers-odyssey-may-document-eclipse/



Researchers say that references to planets and constellations in the Odyssey describe asolar eclipse that occurred in 1178 B.C., nearly three centuries before Homer is believed to have written the story. If correct, the finding would suggest that the ancient poet had a surprisingly detailed knowledge of astronomy.
The Odyssey, commonly dated to near 800 B.C., describes the 10-year voyage of the Greek general Odysseus to his home on the island of Ithaca after the fall of Troy in approximately 1200 B.C. Toward the end of the story, a seer named Theoclymenus prophecies the death of a group of suitors competing for the affection of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, who is believed to be dead. Theoclymenus delivers his prophecy as the suitors are sitting down for their noontime meal. He foresees them entering Hades and ends his speech with the statement, "The Sun has been obliterated from the sky, and an unlucky darkness invades the world." Odysseus dispatches the suitors not long thereafter.
Greek scholars Plutarch and Heraclitus advanced the idea that Theoclymenus's speech was a poetic description of an eclipse. They cited references in the story that the day of the prophecy was a new moon, which would be true of an eclipse. In the 1920s researchers speculated that Homer might have had a real eclipse in mind, after calculating that a total solar eclipse (in which the moon blocks out the sun) would have been visible on April 16, 1178 B.C. over the Ionian Islands, where Homer's poem was set. The idea languished, however, because the first writings on Greek astronomydid not come until centuries later.
Inspired by an incorrect reference to Homer's alleged eclipse in an astronomy textbook, biophysicists Constantino Baikouzis and Marcelo Magnasco, both at the Rockefeller University, pored over the Odyssey for additional clues. Sailing back to Ithaca on a raft, Odysseus navigates by monitoring the constellations Pleiades and Bootes, which share the sky twice a year in March and September. The morning he arrives in Ithaca, Venus rises in the sky before dawn, which happens on about one third of new moons. But the crucial clue came from a reference to the god Hermes flying west to the island of Ogygia. The researchers propose the god's voyage actually refers to the planet Mercury, which hangs low in the sky and reverses course from west to east every 116 days.
Baikouzis and Magnasco used commercial astronomical software to scan all 1,684 new moons between the years 1250 and 1125 B.C. for dates that matched those conditions. "Even though each event happens individually often, the pattern doesn't repeat that often," Magnasco says—only once every 2,000 years, he and Baikouzis report inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. And one of those matches is April 16, 1178 B.C. Magnasco says that he had a hunch about Hermes, known as Mercury to the Romans, after coming across the idea that the Greeks used the stories of the gods as mnemonic devices to remember astronomical events. Taking Mercury out of the mix leaves 15 matching dates in the 135-year search period, he adds.
According to Magnasco, the references imply that Homer chose to set the slaying of the suitors on the day of the eclipse. (He notes that he has "no clue" whether similar events to those described in the Odyssey actually occurred on that day.)

《奧德賽》史詩描述3千年前日蝕現象


http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/sci.ce.cn/funny/03/200806/26/t20080626_15965644.shtml?hc_location=ufi

據美國國家地理雜誌報道,“太陽在天空中毀滅,邪惡的薄霧蔓延整個世界……”這是荷馬所著古希臘史詩《奧德賽》中的內容,目前科學家宣稱,《奧德賽》準確地紀錄了當時的一次日蝕現象,看來荷馬並未預言世界末日,而是描述了現實世界中所出現的日蝕現象。
在荷馬所著的《奧德賽》中描述了西元前1178年4月16日,當天中午突然出現日蝕,原本的太陽黯然失色。但是由於沒有其他的附加證據,該章節中所描述的日蝕現象被同時期的學者們所嘲笑。目前,科學家觀測了《奧德賽》中這段天文學描述,發現荷馬所描述的與真實日蝕現象發生時間相一致。
物理學家馬塞羅?馬格納斯科稱,荷馬所在章節中所描述的月球狀態和星座及行星的位置與實際情況相符。與馬格納斯科共同完成這項最新研究的合著作者是洛克菲勒大學天文學家康斯坦汀諾?貝庫茲斯。他們使用天文學軟體模擬了希臘天空和晝夜變化,每隔135年出現一次日蝕現象。最終推算顯示西元前1178年4月16日中午出現日蝕,這與《奧德賽》中所描述相一致。

http://www.uux.cn/viewnews-35584.html
荷马在《奥德赛》中描述到:“太阳在苍穹中死亡,而邪恶之雾遍布世界。”根据国家地理杂志的报道,事实上荷马提到的是发生于公元前1178年4月16日的巨大日食。日食对人类造成了一种重大的影响,人们习惯于把它看做是一种厄运来临的象征。比如说,在中国古代人们认为日食是有一条龙正在试着毁灭我们的太阳。

其他轉載與報導:

  1. http://newswire.rockefeller.edu/2008/06/23/celestial-clues-hint-at-eclipse-in-homers-odyssey/
  2. http://www.newrepublic.com/blog/the-study/90045/total-eclipse-the-odyssey
  3. 古希臘文或拉丁文關於日蝕或可能是日蝕的描述: http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/atext/ginzele_.htm?hc_location=ufi
  4. HOMER’S SECRET ODYSSEY  http://www.epicstars.org.uk/?hc_location=u


重新找回Marcelo Magnasco 發表的論文

Is an eclipse described in the Odyssey?

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/06/23/0803317105.abstract

Abstract
Plutarch and Heraclitus believed a certain passage in the 20th book of the Odyssey (“Theoclymenus's prophecy”) to be a poetic description of a total solar eclipse. In the late 1920s, Schoch and Neugebauer computed that the solar eclipse of 16 April 1178 B.C.E. was total over the Ionian Islands and was the only suitable eclipse in more than a century to agree with classical estimates of the decade-earlier sack of Troy around 1192–1184 B.C.E. However, much skepticism remains about whether the verses refer to this, or any, eclipse. To contribute to the issue independently of the disputed eclipse reference, we analyze other astronomical references in the Epic, without assuming the existence of an eclipse, and search for dates matching the astronomical phenomena we believe they describe. We use three overt astronomical references in the epic: to Boötes and the Pleiades, Venus, and the New Moon; we supplement them with a conjectural identification of Hermes's trip to Ogygia as relating to the motion of planet Mercury. Performing an exhaustive search of all possible dates in the span 1250–1115 B.C., we looked to match these phenomena in the order and manner that the text describes. In that period, a single date closely matches our references: 16 April 1178 B.C.E. We speculate that these references, plus the disputed eclipse reference, may refer to that specific eclipse.



可以聽聽訪談:
Big Think Interview With Marcelo Magnasco



還有2013年古典學家Peter Painsford的 回應:
Odyssey 20.356-57 and the Eclipse of 1178 BCE: A Response to Baikouzis and Magnasco
http://www.academia.edu/622261/Odyssey_20.356-57_and_the_Eclipse_of_1178_BCE_A_Response_to_Baikouzis_and_Magnasco





回歸閱讀Heubeck的註釋本:



荷馬史詩中的太陽神Helios


這個推論,間接提出奧德修斯回家日期,再推算出特洛伊戰爭年代;不過,別忘了,Marcelo Magnasco是先假設特洛伊戰爭發生在1200 BCE左右,所以,用此方法推回特洛伊戰爭時間,邏輯上是嚴重錯誤。

《白鯨記》

大學時代讀的小說《白鯨記》,大都似懂非懂。星期六的演講,我再次回想過去讀書,好像「瞎子摸鯨」..... 。我到現在還有點迷糊,藍鯨,是藍色? 白鯨,是白色?
"There is a wisdom that is woe; but there is a woe that is madness. And there is a Catskill eagle in some souls that can alike dive down into the blackest gorges, and soar out of them again and become invisible in the sunny spaces. And even if he for ever flies within the gorge, that gorge is in the mountains; so that even in his lowest swoop the mountain eagle is still higher than other birds upon the plain, even though they soar."
--from MOBY DICK by Herman
Melvillehttps://www.facebook.com/HermanMelvilleAuthorPage/photos/a.338966019556071.78059.338950349557638/751014101684592/?type=1&theater




藍鯨
  • 1866年6月15日在瑞典首都斯德哥爾摩舉辦歐洲藝術及工業展覽(Konst-och industriutställningen),奧斯卡(Oscar)王子及勒維莎(Lovisa)王妃親臨現場。
  • 在當時瑞典第二大城哥特堡自然歷史博物館(Göteborgs Naturhistoriska museum)有展示世界上最大鯨魚藍鯨展示,此鯨魚於1865年10月29日擱淺在哥特堡南方Näset外海,體長16公尺,經該博物館做成標本,並於當年12月對外展示。



中華科技史學會例會演講筆記 (2)

《中西聞見錄》第16號第23頁(1873年11月)鯨傷電線

講者陳德勤先生從這則報導,思考當時各國的海底電纜、捕鯨業的興衰。

--> 過度捕鯨造成鯨類族群大量減少
-->石油開發減少使用鯨油造成捕鯨業衰退
*** 古代的投影機,稱作 鏡影燈
(Magic Lantern),原本使用鯨油,但漸漸被煤油與石油取代


鏡影燈(Magic Lantern)
以下圖片來源: http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/Magic_Lantern_with_EA_FC_MM_Slides.htm




以下圖片來源:   http://www.oobject.com/12-magic-lanterns/chinese-magic-lantern-by-aubert-1879/2510/


2015年4月11日 星期六

早期的報紙資料庫 (4) Library of Congress 美國

http://www.readex.com/content/early-american-newspapers-1690-1922 



早期的報紙資料庫 (3) Trove 澳大利亞



http://trove.nla.gov.au/

早期的報紙資料庫 (2) Paper Past

http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast

我查 Agamemnon---> 373 筆資料

其中一筆

THE AGAMEMNON RE-FLOATED.

Hawera & Normanby Star, Volume LVI, 20 August 1909, Page 7



早期的報紙資料庫 (1) Welsh Newspapers Online

Free On-Line Database
Welsh Newspapers Online
http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/home 


http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/…/view/3028763/ART38/Troy 

早期考古特洛伊的消息
Aberdare Times 12 August 1893


THE SUPPOSED SITE OF ANCIENT TROY. A Sona correepondent of the Times writes: The excavations undertaken by Dr. Dorpfeld, the director of the German Archaeological School at Athens, at Hissarlik, the supposed site of ancient Troy, have been attended by very satisfactory results. According to the theory of the late Dr. Schliemann, six super- imposed cities lie buried beneath the artificial mound at that place, the so-called second city being identical with the Homeric Troy. The recent researches, however, lead to the conclusion that what is known as the sixth city should be identified with the city described by the poet. Not only have specimens of pottery been discovered exactly resembling and appa- rently synchronous with those found at Mycenas, but courses of beautifully fitted masonry have been laid bare whieh seem entirely to justify the epithets employed by Homer. Additional evidence is fur- nished by the grey- coloured pottery found in adjacent tumuli. The excavations have been carried out at the expense of Dr. Schliemann's widow.

中華科技史學會例會演講筆記:《中西聞見錄》中海洋哺乳動物的報導


左下圖! 好神奇喔! 藍鯨(學名:Balaenoptera musculus)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E9%B2%B8

是一種海洋哺乳動物,屬於鬚鯨亞目[3]。藍鯨是地球上現存的,體型最大的動物[4][5],長超過33公尺,重達200噸以上。

藍鯨的身軀瘦長,背部是青灰色的,不過在水中看起來有時顏色會比較淡[6]。 目前已知藍鯨至少有三個亞種:生活在北大西洋和北太平洋的B. m. musculus;棲息在南冰洋的B. m. intermedia與印度洋和南太平洋的B. m. brevicauda(也稱侏儒藍鯨)。在印度洋發現的B. m. indica則可能是另一個亞種。與其他鬚鯨一樣,藍鯨主要以小型的甲殼類(例如磷蝦)與小型魚類為食,有時也包括魷魚

直到20世紀初,在世界上幾乎每一個海域中,藍鯨的數量都是相當多的。在超過40年後,捕鯨者的獵殺使牠們幾乎滅絕。直到國際社會在1966年開始保育藍鯨後,藍鯨的數量才逐漸上升。一份2002年的報告估計目前世界上藍鯨的數量在5,000至12,000隻之間[7],並分布在至少5個族群中。最近對於侏儒藍鯨的研究顯示這個數字可能是低估了實際的數量[8]。在捕鯨活動開始前,藍鯨最大的族群是在南極海域,估計大約有239,000隻(範圍介於202,000與311,000之間)[9]。目前在東北太平洋、南極海與印度洋的數量已經比之前大為減少(大約各只有2,000隻)。在北大西洋則有2個更大的集團,在南半球至少也有2個集團。

______________
講者陳德勤先生的論文
http://sciencehistory.twbbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/14%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B02-%E9%99%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%A4-%E5%B7%A7%E9%81%87%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E8%81%9E%E8%A6%8B%E9%8C%84.pdf 

論文基本資料
篇  名1866年張德彝在瑞典見到藍鯨標本
並列篇名無並列篇名
作  者陳德勤
發表期刊中華科技史學會學刊
出版年份2013 年
卷  期18 期
頁  次p.101~104
關鍵字
語言別中文
中文摘要
筆者在近一年時間閱讀《中西聞見錄》,了解傳教士如何將西方資訊傳入中國,作者大多是外籍人士,然亦有中國人至國外,將所見所聞事務記錄發表;在其第16號(1873年11月出版)第四頁,有日新居士寫的〈瑞典鯨魚〉其內容為:「瑞典國京城司鐸火木積骨院內有一大鯨皮,其骨抽出支以其臟腑挂於壁上,皮長六丈五尺,宽二丈二尺以木架支撑,宛然一屋內設几案盆鏡等物,其口如門長五尺餘,满口毛如棕葉腥,尚有臭之氣、牙邊以跳板通於樓梯,出入魚口,其腹可受六七人,詢之此魚出自北海,因觸翻大船數隻,有智者出以千人設法擒之,乃得是皮。」



野柳海洋世界獸醫室主任陳德勤,在甫出版中華科技史學會學刊中發表:1866 年張德彝在瑞典見到藍鯨標本。他說,很高興在將事情來龍去脈做了整理,找出歷史真相。

陳德勤在近一年時間閱讀《中西聞見錄》,了解傳教士如何將西方資訊傳入中國,作者大多是外籍人士,然亦有中國人至國外,將所見所聞事務記錄發表;在1873年,有日新居士寫的〈瑞典鯨魚〉其內容為:「瑞典國京城司鐸火木積骨院內有一大鯨皮,其骨抽出支以其臟腑挂於壁上,皮長六丈五尺,宽二丈二尺以木架支撑,宛然一屋內設几案盆鏡等物,其口如門長五尺餘,满口毛如棕葉腥,尚有臭之氣、牙邊以跳板通於樓梯,出入魚口,其腹可受六七人,詢之此魚出自北海,因觸翻大船數隻,有智者出以千人設法擒之,乃得是皮。」

文章指出,張德彝以其細膩文筆,在其駐外期間紀錄許多有別制式日記,每到一地必將當地風土人情、軼事記錄起來,引領我們進入當時西方世界,他並創造許多外來語詞。作者在瑞典首都見到藍鯨標本,激起筆者一直想找出是何種鯨魚?但因資料不齊,找到一些線索,後又斷了,明明描述藍鯨標本,應在瑞典第二大城的哥特堡自然歷史博物館展示,為何作者會在斯德哥爾摩某處卻看到此龐然大物?讓他非常迷惑。

文章說,隨著資料增加及分析,逐漸解開謎團,更讓他神游鯨魚擱淺時,兩位漁夫如何獵殺此巨大生物,及敬佩馬倫館長規劃處理鯨魚屍體拖吊、運輸、解剖運籌帷幄,甚至於想到未來展示會遇到困難。

文章說,他決定將標本以木架支撐貼上鯨魚皮,並將此龐然巨物分成四個部分,以利裝箱組合運輸。以現今科技要處理這些事,都很吃力,何況是一百多年前。更佩服他有商業頭腦,將鯨魚腹部加以裝飾並在裡面啜飲咖啡,那是多麼吸引遊客賣點!當年參與此次藍鯨中外人士,皆已遠離人世很長一段時間,然此藍鯨標本至今仍然在哥特堡自然歷史博物館展示,並在每年聖誕節及選舉日(因瑞典文的選舉與鯨是同字)可允許遊客至鯨魚腹內參觀。
____________________________

《中西聞見錄》基本資料 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%BB%E8%A7%81%E5%BD%95

  • 《中西聞見錄》(英語:The Peking Magazine)是1872年8月在北京創刊的一份近代報刊。由京都(北京)施醫院出版發行,美國傳教士丁韙良、英國傳教士艾約瑟主編,後來艾約瑟離去,完全由丁韙良負責。其真實地記錄了當時的一些事實,是北京的第一個中文近代報,對洋務運動起了推波助瀾的作用。
  • 1876年2月,《格致彙編》(原名Chinese Scientific Magazine)在上海創刊,成為《中西聞見錄》續刊。《格致彙編》由英國人傅蘭雅編輯,由格致書室發售。初為月刊,自1890年起改為季刊,在光緒十六年停刊。其實《中西聞見彙編》並未「刪」或「撮」,只是丁韙良將自己在《中西聞見錄》上發表的96篇文章、332則「各國近事」和31篇未署名文章、48則未署名的「各國近事」總匯成冊,故《中西聞見彙編》基本上是丁韙良個人的《聞見錄》彙集。 《中西聞見錄》影印本,由南京古舊店根據南京圖書館藏底本於1992年印刷發行,共四冊,國內許多圖書館有收藏。此外,國家圖書館、北京大學圖書館等藏有《中西聞見錄》部分原件。
  • 《中西聞見錄》在1872年8月在北京創刊,編輯機關設在雒魏林咸豐十一年(1861年)創建於北京的京都施醫院。 編輯除丁韙良、艾約瑟外還有英國聖公會傳教士包爾騰、英國倫敦會傳教醫師德貞。艾、包二人次年相繼離京,主要工作由丁韙良負責。
  • 《中西聞見錄》是北京以及華北地區最早的近代中文報刊。在近代西學的傳入和傳播過程中,1872年創刊於北京的《中西聞見錄》是一份值得重視的刊物,它的創刊可以看出西方傳教士在傳播西學過程中的地位和作用。《中西聞見錄》作為《格致彙編》的前身,研究它可以看出兩者之間的統屬與聯繫。《中西聞見錄》對西方近代科技在中國的傳播、對中國近代科技的產生和發展、對中國近代科學觀念的產生和發展起著一定的推動作用,對洋務運動和開一代社會風氣也有促進作用。
__________________
講者很有耐心地解釋這一段:

《航海述奇》
本書著者張德彝(1847-1919)系清末漢軍鑲黃旗人,原籍遼寧鐵嶺,原名德明,後改德彝,字在初,一字峻峰。十六歲考入總理各國事務衙門所屬同文館學習,十九歲起派往歐洲各國遊歷,長期擔任駐外使臣、外交使團翻譯官,並先後出任英、意、法、比、日等國使館參贊。光緒三十三年任鑲蘭旗蒙古都統,民國七年病逝。主要著作有:《光祿大夫建威將軍張公集》、《航海述奇》七種、《醒目清心錄》、《中外百年曆》等,皆未刊稿本。
《航海述奇》七種,包括航海述奇、再述奇、三述奇、四述奇、五述奇、六述奇、八述奇,共七十八卷。按日記體裁,記述自1866年至1900年出使歐亞等國時的親身經歷,資料極為豐富,凡各國國情民俗,無不詳載。其中有關巴黎公社起義壯舉的記述,更成為中外罕見的珍貴史料。七種中無七述奇,傳說因內容有礙,為作者銷毀。原稿本現藏北京圖書館。

  • 張德彝祖籍福建,後遷遼寧鐵嶺,生於北京,出生時家道中落。同治元年(1862年),考進外語學校同文館。1918年,張德彝病逝北京,享年71歲。一生八次出國,共度過二十七年。每次出國,皆寫下詳細日記,依次成輯《航海述奇》、《再述奇》、《三述奇》、《四述奇》直至《八述奇》(第七部今已不存),約二百萬字。
  • 第一次,同治五年(1866年),作為同文館英文班學生隨官員斌椿遊歷歐洲,回國後寫下《航海述奇》。
  • 第二次,七年(1868年),退役英國駐華公使蒲安臣率「中國使團」出訪美國英國法國比利時普魯士俄羅斯等十個國家,張隨團任通事(翻譯員);回國後,寫下《再述奇》(又名《歐美環遊記》),詳述所見所聞。
  • 第三次,九年(1870年),因發生天津教案欽差大臣崇厚赴法國道歉,張為隨行英文翻譯員,期間目擊巴黎公社革命。
  • 第四次,光緒二年(1876年),隨清政府第一任駐英公使郭嵩燾倫敦使館任翻譯。
  • 第五次,十三年(1887年),隨洪鈞柏林公使館任隨員。十七年(1891年)回國,與同文館的校友沈鐸一起教授光緒帝英文。
  • 第六次,二十二年(1896年),出任駐英國公使羅豐祿參贊
  • 第七次,二十七年(1901年)隨專使大臣那桐出使日本。
  • 第八次,二十八年(1902年),授二品官銜,出任英國大使,代表清政府在倫敦簽訂《保工章程》。三十二年(1906年),任滿回國。

  • 1918年,張德彝逝世,有人贈與輓聯:「環遊東亞西歐,作宇宙大觀,如此壯行能有幾;著述連篇累續,闡古今奧秘,斯真名士不虛生」
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Free On-Line Database
Welsh Newspapers Online
http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/home 




______________________

杜亞泉《植物學大辭典》
  《植物學大辭典》爲中國第一部有影響的專科辭典,十三人合作,杜任主編。1907年始曆時12年出版,1934年再版。收載中國植物名稱術語8980條,西文學名術語5880條,日本假名標音植物名稱4170條,附植物圖1002幅,全書300餘萬字。蔡元培爲之作序說:“吾國近出科學辭典,詳博無逾於此者。”時任蘇州東吳大學生物系主任的美國科學家祁天錫也認爲:“自有此書之作,吾人於中西植物之名,乃得有所依據,而奉爲指南焉。”