Iliad 19: 238-356 特洛伊戰爭中的飲食

第19卷的一些細節:

接受Odysseus的建議，Achilles要眾人先去吃飯: νῦν δ᾽ ἔρχεσθ᾽ ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, ἵνα ξυνάγωμεν Ἄρηα (Iliad 19: 275)，δεῖπνον是用餐，不是LOEB翻譯的 dinner (晚餐)，照推論，這裡應該是日出沒多久，作戰之前吃的早餐。

meal: in Hom. sts. noonday meal, Il.11.86; sts. = ἄριστον, morning meal, 2.381, 10.578, 19.171sq., Od.15.94sq., 500; sts. = δόρπον, evening meal,17.176, 20.390sq.; later,the midday meal, “σῖτον εἰδέναι διώρισα, ἄριστα,δεῖπνα, δόρπα θ᾽ αἱρεῖσθαι τρίτα” A.Fr.182; later, the afternoon meal, dinner orsupper, “σοὶ δὲ μελήσει, ὅτανᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον, λιπαρῷ χωρεῖν ἐπὶ δ.”Ar.Ec.652: freq. in pl., S.OT 779, El.203(lyr.); “δ. Θυέστου” E.Or.1008(lyr.); ἀπὸδείπνου straight-way after the meal, “ἀπὸ δ. αὐτοῦ θωρήσσοντο” Il.8.54, cf.Antipho 1.17; καλεῖν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, κεκλῆσθαι ἐπὶ δ., Eub.72,119.2; “δ.παρασκευάζειν” Pherecr.45,172; “παραθεῖναι” Id.184; “ποιεῖν”Dionys.Com.2.4; of animals, etc., Hom.Epigr.11, Ael.VH1.12, 12.27.

只是不知軍旅之中，大家吃甚麼? 之前有提到Achilles召開會議時，連伙夫都有加入:

οἵ τε κυβερνῆται καὶ ἔχον οἰήϊα νηῶν
καὶ ταμίαι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἔσαν σίτοιο δοτῆρες (Iliad 19: 43-44)
pilots and wielded the steering oars of the ship
or were stewards who dealt out food

其中的δοτήρ (giver，我翻譯成伙夫，而他分配的食物，或是穀物 (σῖτος ; grain)，可能包含小麥和大麥 (both wheat (πυρός) and barley (κριθή)，基本上是軍旅中的主食。

Achilles真的很心痛，他說:  
μή με πρὶν σίτοιο κελεύετε μηδὲ ποτῆτος
ἄσασθαι φίλον ἦτορ, ἐπεί μ᾽ ἄχος αἰνὸν ἱκάνει (Iliad 19. 306-307)

do not tell me to sate my heart with food or drink

since dread grief has come on me.

所以他禁食(ἄκμηνος fasting)，但是眾神們不捨，派Athene注入瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)在Achilles的胸膛，讓他不會餓到。之前，Thetis也是在Patroclus屍體在灑瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)可以防腐，此刻又多一個功能!


這真是太神奇了! (還可以當香水用喔!)

Iliad 19: 238-356

主題: 無法彌補的悲痛

Iliad 19: 238-356

Agamemnon和Achilles和好了，因為Achilles得去面對更大的傷口。Achilles並不理會那些賠禮，但是手下的人可以自行去拿，Odysseus也當公正的第三者，秤10 talents黃金 (Iliad 19. 247-248)---talents作為重量單位，史詩就有記載。

Agamemnon再次殺公豬 (boar)發誓沒碰過Briseis， 並歸還給Achilles，下面是Briseis 看見Patroclus屍體時的真情悲傷:
The Lament of Briseis for Patroclus
Iliad 19.287-302
希臘文本引用出處:
 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D276
 Πάτροκλέ μοι δειλῇ πλεῖστον κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ
ζωὸν μέν σε ἔλειπον ἐγὼ κλισίηθεν ἰοῦσα,
νῦν δέ σε τεθνηῶτα κιχάνομαι ὄρχαμε λαῶν
ἂψ ἀνιοῦσ᾽: ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ αἰεί.
ἄνδρα μὲν ᾧ ἔδοσάν με πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ
εἶδον πρὸ πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ,
τρεῖς τε κασιγνήτους, τούς μοι μία γείνατο μήτηρ,
κηδείους, οἳ πάντες ὀλέθριον ἦμαρ ἐπέσπον.
οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ μ᾽ ἔασκες, ὅτ᾽ ἄνδρ᾽ ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς
ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος,
κλαίειν, ἀλλά μ᾽ ἔφασκες Ἀχιλλῆος θείοιο
κουριδίην ἄλοχον θήσειν, ἄξειν τ᾽ ἐνὶ νηυσὶν
ἐς Φθίην, δαίσειν δὲ γάμον μετὰ Μυρμιδόνεσσι.
τώ σ᾽ ἄμοτον κλαίω τεθνηότα μείλιχον αἰεί.’
ὣς ἔφατο κλαίουσ᾽, ἐπὶ δὲ στενάχοντο γυναῖκες
Πάτροκλον πρόφασιν, σφῶν δ᾽ αὐτῶν κήδε᾽ ἑκάστη.

英文譯本引用出處: http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad19.htm
“Patroclus, you who brought the utmost joy to my sad heart,
I left you here alive, when I went off,  
taken from these huts. But now, at my return,
I find you dead, you, the people’s leader.
Again for me, as always, evil follows evil.
I saw the husband I was given to
by my father and my noble mother killed
by sharp bronze before our city. My brothers,
three of them, whom my own mother bore,
whom I loved, have all met their fatal day.
But when swift Achilles killed my husband,
you wouldn’t let me weep. You told me then
you’d make me lord Achilles’ wedded wife,
he’d take me in his ships back to Phthia,
for a marriage feast among the Myrmidons.
You were always gentle. That’s the reason
I’ll never stop this grieving for your death.”
As Briseis said this, she wept. The women joined her
in wailing for Patroclus, although each of them
had her own private sorrows.


奴隸的眼中只有她的主人，不能愛，也不能付出，沒有自由，所有的路都被封鎖。史詩中的戰奴何其多，但是像Briseis這樣幸運的並不多，也可以說是奇蹟。Briseis為何流淚? 第一次，因為父母與兄弟都死於Achilles手下，她成為Achilles的戰俘的那刻；第二次，悲働Patroclus之死；第三次，哀傷Achilles之死。

Patroclus是良善的，當時Briseis最悲傷之際，Patroclus真誠的安慰與鼓勵Briseis，當然，Briseis並沒有成為Achilles的合法妻子。此刻，Briseis或許是因為感同身受，或許基於同情，或許打從內心悲傷。流淚，生命的出口。

絕處逢生，唯有真誠，若以惡治惡，只會不斷陷入暴力的惡果與惡性循環。甚麼是奴隸?就是不能愛，不能付出；那麼，自由，就是享受關愛他人，付出，與幫助別人的許多可能與選擇。薇依說到奴隸的困窘:

le mors barrent tous les chemins

奴隸，無路可走，無路可逃。那麼，自由，可以行走，可以選擇不同道路。
_____________
 
以下文章與圖片出處:
Hieron potter, The taking away of Briseis, side B of a red-figure Attic skyphos, c480BC, Louvre. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Akhilleus_embassy_Louvre_G146_n3.jpg Creative Commons 3.0 license

Iliad 19:145-237

主題: 先讓大家吃飯吧!

Iliad 19: 145-237



Achilles因為生氣，不肯出戰，此刻又因為Patroclus之死憤怒，急著打倒Hector和特洛伊人。他其實不是很在乎Agamemnon的賠禮，但是，他似乎也沒考慮其他人的情況。

此時，Odysseus出面，講得太好了! 大家得先吃飽，才有力氣去打仗，接下來一整天都不能吃東西，他們會沒力氣啊! 做為領導階級，不應該只顧自己的目標或業績，不顧底下做事的芸芸眾生，絕對不可以讓大家餓著或是口渴 (δίψα: thirst; λιμός hunger, famine)。Odysseus確實是足智多謀又務實的人才，他這番話可以提供給現代很多主管級人物參考，體恤手下，他們會做的更好，留心觀察一下，員工們是不是為了加班或是趕工做，沒吃飯喝水，或是三餐不正常?

希臘文本引用出處: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D154 ἀλλὰ πάσασθαι ἄνωχθι θοῇς ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιοὺς σίτου καὶ οἴνοιο: τὸ γὰρ μένος ἐστὶ καὶ ἀλκή. οὐ γὰρ ἀνὴρ πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα ἄκμηνος σίτοιο δυνήσεται ἄντα μάχεσθαι: εἴ περ γὰρ θυμῷ γε μενοινάᾳ πολεμίζειν, ἀλλά τε λάθρῃ γυῖα βαρύνεται, ἠδὲ κιχάνει δίψά τε καὶ λιμός, βλάβεται δέ τε γούνατ᾽ ἰόντι. ὃς δέ κ᾽ ἀνὴρ οἴνοιο κορεσσάμενος καὶ ἐδωδῆς ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσι πανημέριος πολεμίζῃ, θαρσαλέον νύ οἱ ἦτορ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, οὐδέ τι γυῖα πρὶν κάμνει πρὶν πάντας ἐρωῆσαι πολέμοιο. (Iliad 160-171). http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad19.htm No. Instruct Achaeans to have some food and wine by their swift ships.      For they give strength and courage. No soldier can fight the enemy all day till sunset without some food. However fierce his heart may be for battle, his limbs grow heavy without his knowledge. Once thirst and hunger overtake him, his knees get tired as he moves. But the man who’s had sufficient food and wine fights all day long against his enemies with a courageous heart. His limbs don’t tire until all warriors have left the battle.          So dismiss your men. Tell them to make a meal.

Iliad 19: 1-39

主題: 穿上新戰袍

Iliad 19: 1-39

《伊利亞特》第十九卷將要上演Achilles和Agamemnon大和解。首先，出場的是Thetis拿來新的戰袍給Achilles 穿上，因為Achilles擔心Patroclus的屍體腐爛，Thetis拿出神仙用的瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)，滴在Patroclus的身體，就不會腐壞 (Iliad 18:37-39)。

當大家看到這件新戰袍時，都嚇得驚慌，趕緊把目光移開。唯獨Achilles不但不怕，眼睛直視，怒氣灌滿全神，眼睛也在噴火。一般人都只看到Achilles神勇的一面，但是，他的人性表露無遺，恨之入骨，全身上下每個細胞都一起生氣，可悲的是，他以為除了殺敵人，沒有任何方法滅心中的怒火；事實上，這一把怒火，即使Hector死了也滅不掉!

Thetis and attendants bring armor she had prepared for him to Achilles, an Attic black-figure hydria, c. 575–550 BC, Louvre. 

希臘文本引用出處: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D1 ὡς ἄρα φωνήσασα θεὰ κατὰ τεύχε᾽ ἔθηκε πρόσθεν Ἀχιλλῆος: τὰ δ᾽ ἀνέβραχε δαίδαλα πάντα. Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ ἄρα πάντας ἕλε τρόμος, οὐδέ τις ἔτλη ἄντην εἰσιδέειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτρεσαν. αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς ὡς εἶδ᾽, ὥς μιν μᾶλλον ἔδυ χόλος, ἐν δέ οἱ ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑπὸ βλεφάρων ὡς εἰ σέλας ἐξεφάανθεν: τέρπετο δ᾽ ἐν χείρεσσιν ἔχων θεοῦ ἀγλαὰ δῶρα. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ φρεσὶν ᾗσι τετάρπετο δαίδαλα λεύσσων αὐτίκα μητέρα ἣν ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα: ‘μῆτερ ἐμὴ τὰ μὲν ὅπλα θεὸς πόρεν οἷ᾽ ἐπιεικὲς ἔργ᾽ ἔμεν ἀθανάτων, μὴ δὲ βροτὸν ἄνδρα τελέσσαι. νῦν δ᾽ ἤτοι μὲν ἐγὼ θωρήξομαι: ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ αἰνῶς δείδω μή μοι τόφρα Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμον υἱὸν μυῖαι καδδῦσαι κατὰ χαλκοτύπους ὠτειλὰς εὐλὰς ἐγγείνωνται, ἀεικίσσωσι δὲ νεκρόν, ἐκ δ᾽ αἰὼν πέφαται, κατὰ δὲ χρόα πάντα σαπήῃ. (Iliad 19: 12-27) With these words, the goddess set the armour down before Achilles. The wonderfully crafted metal rang out loudly. Fear gripped all the Myrmidons. Not one of them dared look directly at those weapons. They shrank away. But when Achilles saw them, his anger grew. His eyes glared underneath his eyelids, like a fire— a terrifying light. But as his hands went over          the god’s priceless gifts, he felt great joy. He gazed at them, filling his heart with pleasure at the rich designs. Then he spoke to his mother—his words had wings:    “Mother, this armour the god has given me is a work fit for the immortals, something no living human could create. So now, I’ll arm myself for war. In the meantime, I have a dreadful fear that flies may burrow into those wounds carved by the slicing bronze in the body of Menoetius’ noble son.       They may breed worms in him, defile his corpse, now that the life in him is gone. If so, all his flesh will fester.”

Iliad 18: 369-467

主題: 神匠　Hephaestus

Iliad 18: 369-467

Achilles的母親親自前往神匠Hephaestus 的家，金碧輝煌的神殿，全是Hephaestus親自建造。這位神匠的好手藝眾所皆知，另外，他的長相在眾神中最為突出，因為他的跛腳（κυλλοποδίων, club-footed)，此時，神匠正在打造20作三腳鼎，為了讓這些鼎可以自由滑動，Hephaestus已經在每一隻腳裝上金色的輪子，之後，還會加精緻的手把和純金的鉚釘。這真是太神奇了！也說明希臘人對「自動化」的觀念，只是三輪會如何滑動呢？是一個有趣的題目。

以下圖片與資料出處:　 http://kotsanas.com/gb/exh.php?exhibit=0501001　

They were programmed auto-mobile tripods which, according to Homer, were built by Hephaestus ''with golden wheels that could automatically enter the assembly of the gods and again return to their residence''.

The development and application of the relative technology, by the Alexandrian engineers (Philon, Heron) to corresponding auto-mobile vehicles, allows us its hypothetical re-establishment.

The motion producing mechanism of the tripod consisted of a) a cylindrical clepsydra filled with millet, b) a lead weight placed inside the clepsydra, c) two ropes which connected the weight and the axles of the two rear wheels with the help of loops and transversal pins and d) a sliding operation switch.

The motion programming mechanism consisted of three types of rope circumvolution on the two independent driving axles of the wheels. The right circumvolution ensured the right turning of the wheels and therefore the forward course of the automatic tripod. The left circumvolution ensured the left turning of the wheels and therefore the reverse course of the automatic tripod. The free circumvolution ensured the immobility of the wheels and therefore the stillness of the automatic tripod for ''the serving of the gods''. The right circumvolution on the right wheel and simultaneously the free circumvolution on the left wheel ensured the turn of the automatic tripod towards the left while the free circumvolution on the right wheel and simultaneously the right circumvolution on the left wheel ensured its turn towards the right.

With the pulling of the slide, the clepsydra began to empty at a steady pace and the lead weight fell at the same speed pulling the ropes of the drive wheels.

The combination of circumvolution on each driving axle ensured whichever desired automatic course of the tripod in its space, its required stops and finally the return to its starting position.

   

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D360 ὣς οἳ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον: Ἡφαίστου δ᾽ ἵκανε δόμον Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα ἄφθιτον ἀστερόεντα μεταπρεπέ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι χάλκεον, ὅν ῥ᾽ αὐτὸς ποιήσατο κυλλοποδίων. τὸν δ᾽ εὗρ᾽ ἱδρώοντα ἑλισσόμενον περὶ φύσας σπεύδοντα: τρίποδας γὰρ ἐείκοσι πάντας ἔτευχεν ἑστάμεναι περὶ τοῖχον ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο, χρύσεα δέ σφ᾽ ὑπὸ κύκλα ἑκάστῳ πυθμένι θῆκεν, ὄφρά οἱ αὐτόματοι θεῖον δυσαίατ᾽ ἀγῶνα ἠδ᾽ αὖτις πρὸς δῶμα νεοίατο θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι. οἳ δ᾽ ἤτοι τόσσον μὲν ἔχον τέλος, οὔατα δ᾽ οὔ πω δαιδάλεα προσέκειτο: τά ῥ᾽ ἤρτυε, κόπτε δὲ δεσμούς. (Iliad 18.368-379) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad18.htm Meanwhile, silver-footed Thetis reached Hephaestus’ home. Made of eternal bronze and gleaming like a star,   it stood out among the homes of the immortals.   The crippled god had constructed it himself. She found him working with his bellows, moving round, sweating in his eager haste. He was forging twenty tripods in all, to stand along the walls of his well-built house. Under the legs of each one he had fitted golden wheels, so every tripod might move all on its own into a gathering of the gods at his command and then return to his own house. They were wonderful to look at. His work on them had reached the stage where finely crafted handles   had still not been attached. He was making these,　forging the rivets.

Iliad 18. 315-355

主題: 洗滌屍體

Iliad 18: 315-355

Achilles的悲愴，哭泣，在希臘陣營中迴盪，誓言報仇，即或自己將死也不足惜! 哭泣之餘，該有的禮數不可少:
1. Achilles吩咐同伴們火堆上架起巨大的三角銅鼎 (τρίποδα)。
2. 把Patroclus身上的污血洗乾淨 (應該是用冷水)。
3. 鼎下加足夠的薪柴，把冷水煮熱。
4. 熱水洗淨屍體。
5. 抹橄欖油。
6. 各處傷口填上九年的陳膏。
7. 把屍體抬上殯床，從頭到腳蓋上麻布。再蓋上光潔的罩單。

這應該是古希臘處理戰士屍體的SOP。洗乾淨後，還要用九年的陳膏(就是上等的藥膏)抹傷口，除了一層麻布，還加上光潔的罩單。

ἄλειφαρ unguent, anointing-oil, oil, fat

ἐννέωρος in the ninth season

φᾶρος: a large piece of cloth, web

   

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D324 ὣς εἰπὼν ἑτάροισιν ἐκέκλετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἀμφὶ πυρὶ στῆσαι τρίποδα μέγαν, ὄφρα τάχιστα Πάτροκλον λούσειαν ἄπο βρότον αἱματόεντα. οἳ δὲ λοετροχόον τρίποδ᾽ ἵστασαν ἐν πυρὶ κηλέῳ, ἐν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὕδωρ ἔχεαν, ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα δαῖον ἑλόντες. γάστρην μὲν τρίποδος πῦρ ἄμφεπε, θέρμετο δ᾽ ὕδωρ: αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ ζέσσεν ὕδωρ ἐνὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ, καὶ τότε δὴ λοῦσάν τε καὶ ἤλειψαν λίπ᾽ ἐλαίῳ, ἐν δ᾽ ὠτειλὰς πλῆσαν ἀλείφατος ἐννεώροιο: ἐν λεχέεσσι δὲ θέντες ἑανῷ λιτὶ κάλυψαν ἐς πόδας ἐκ κεφαλῆς, καθύπερθε δὲ φάρεϊ λευκῷ. παννύχιοι μὲν ἔπειτα πόδας ταχὺν ἀμφ᾽ Ἀχιλῆα Μυρμιδόνες Πάτροκλον ἀνεστενάχοντο γοῶντες: (Iliad 18. 343-355) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad18.htm After these words, godlike Achilles told his comrades to place a large tripod on the fire, so they could wash   the blood clots from his comrade’s corpse. On the blazing fire, they set a cauldron with three legs, poured water in it, then brought split wood to burn below the water. Fire licked the cauldron’s belly and made the water hot. Once it had boiled inside the shining bronze, they washed him, rubbed oil thickly over him, and filled his wounds with ointment nine years old. Then they placed Patroclus on a bed, covering him with a fine woollen cloth from head to foot and a white cloak on the cloth. Then all night long,  the Myrmidons around swift-footed Achilles mourned Patroclus with their lamentations.

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/lee/2.html

The middle panel depicts the scene in The Iliad in which Achilles mourns the death of his dear friend Patroclus, killed after he borrowed the hero's armor when he refused to fight. Achilles thereupon returns battle in order to avenge him, thereby exchanging a promised long fruitful life for glory and an early death.