Iliad 22. 248-366

Iliad 22. 248-366

主題: 戰爭奪走良善的人性

細讀荷馬史詩，體會文字之間的感慨傳唱幾千年。

      第248-366行故事大綱是：Hector總算準備好和Achilles決鬥，但他希望有個君子協定，勝的人要還輸家的屍體給對方的陣營；Achilles拒絕接受這種協定，馬上採取攻擊，沒打中；Hector也出手，但矛槍被彈回，Hector在喊Deiphobus準備第二發，但他消失了，此刻Hector完全理解他的死期到了；Achilles 再出手，正中Hector的脖子，臨死前，Hector再次苦求Achilles把他的死屍還給家人，高傲的Achilles還是拒絕；Achilles不理會臨死的Hector的請求，Hector警告Achilles也活不久了；勝利的Achilles根本不把Hector的話當成一回事。

      戰爭製造英雄? Achilles是大英雄，但是，史詩這裡就三次特寫戰爭奪走他本應有的良善與人性，他不再講信用、不相信別人，因為更不相信自己。我們觀察到的是Achilles佈滿血絲的雙眼、憤怒的心、和充滿暴力的語言：

τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς:

‘Ἕκτορ μή μοι ἄλαστε συνημοσύνας ἀγόρευε:

ὡς οὐκ ἔστι λέουσι καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὅρκια πιστά,

οὐδὲ λύκοι τε καὶ ἄρνες ὁμόφρονα θυμὸν ἔχουσιν,

ἀλλὰ κακὰ φρονέουσι διαμπερὲς ἀλλήλοισιν,

ὣς οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ φιλήμεναι, οὐδέ τι νῶϊν

ὅρκια ἔσσονται, πρίν γ᾽ ἢ ἕτερόν γε πεσόντα

αἵματος ἆσαι Ἄρηα ταλαύρινον πολεμιστήν.

παντοίης ἀρετῆς μιμνήσκεο: νῦν σε μάλα χρὴ

αἰχμητήν τ᾽ ἔμεναι καὶ θαρσαλέον πολεμιστήν.

οὔ τοι ἔτ᾽ ἔσθ᾽ ὑπάλυξις, ἄφαρ δέ σε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη

ἔγχει ἐμῷ δαμάᾳ: νῦν δ᾽ ἀθρόα πάντ᾽ ἀποτίσεις

κήδε᾽ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων οὓς ἔκτανες ἔγχεϊ θύων.  (Iliad 22. 260-272)

Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: 

“Hector, don’t talk to me of our agreements.

That’s idiotic, like a faithful promise

between men and lions. Wolves and lambs

don’t share a common heart—they always sense

a mutual hatred for each other.

In just that way, it’s not possible for us,  

for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed,

for there to be sworn oaths between us,

till one or other of us falls, glutting Ares,

warrior with the bull’s hide shield, on blood.

You’d best remember all your fighting skills.

Now you must declare yourself a spearman,

a fearless warrior. You’ve got no escape.

Soon Pallas Athena will destroy you

on my spear. Right now you’ll pay me back,

the full price of those sorrows I went through

when you slaughtered my companions.”

Iliad 22. 361-363

希臘文本引用出處:

 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D22%3Acard%3D337

ὣς ἄρα μιν εἰπόντα τέλος θανάτοιο κάλυψε,

ψυχὴ δ᾽ ἐκ ῥεθέων πταμένη Ἄϊδος δὲ βεβήκει

ὃν πότμον γοόωσα λιποῦσ᾽ ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην.

And he spoke these words the end of death enfolded him; and his soul fleeting from his limbs was gone to Hades, bewailing its fate, leaving manliness and youth.

在Weil的論述第四段，回頭引用Hector斷氣瞬間那幕，痛，無盡的痛心，這一幕刻畫人類永恆心痛。死亡的殘酷是無法稀釋的悲痛，這刻Hector的魂魄飛到冥府(the Hades)，留下的是無盡的悲鳴(bewailing)。Weil認為英雄的光環(the halo of glory)，再大再亮，都難以淺少一點橫死戰場的哀戚，這一看法打破一般傳統用榮譽(the ethos of glory)的角度看史詩英雄! 一如，Weil開宗明義闡述，在權力與武力下，人的下場就是悲哀的死亡。

比起Achilles與Agamemnon，Hector之死令人更悲痛，或許因為，Hector似乎就是為了保護他的家園，挺身而出。終究，他的英武成為他命運的詛咒，獲得特洛伊第一英雄的名號，後人已記得他，但是，這樣的名聲與慘死相比，值得嗎?

Iliad 22. 1-89

Iliad 22. 1-89

主題: 不去，可以嗎?

第22卷，Achilles總算可以 Hector單挑----應該說，Hector終於得面對生命終結的一刻。這卷一開場，說到特洛伊人躲進城門內，而Apollo也現身，讓Achilles知道神的威力一定勝過人；這讓滿心怨恨的Achilles更生氣。

       這刻，年邁的雙親最後一次用力規勸Hector，不要白白送死，畢竟Achilles真的是個殺人不眨眼的魔頭，Priam已經有好幾個兒子被他殺死或賣掉，他已經多次承受白髮人送黑髮人的悲哀。

       但是，不去，可以嗎? Hector的答案，英雄就是得面對敵人。

  

Ἕκτορ μή μοι μίμνε φίλον τέκος ἀνέρα τοῦτον

οἶος ἄνευθ᾽ ἄλλων, ἵνα μὴ τάχα πότμον ἐπίσπῃς

Πηλεΐωνι δαμείς, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐστι

σχέτλιος: αἴθε θεοῖσι φίλος τοσσόνδε γένοιτο

ὅσσον ἐμοί: τάχα κέν ἑ κύνες καὶ γῦπες ἔδοιεν

κείμενον: ἦ κέ μοι αἰνὸν ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἄχος ἔλθοι:

ὅς μ᾽ υἱῶν πολλῶν τε καὶ ἐσθλῶν εὖνιν ἔθηκε

κτείνων καὶ περνὰς νήσων ἔπι τηλεδαπάων. (Iliad 22.38-45)

“Hector, my dear son, don’t stand out there alone,

facing that man with no one else to help you,

or you will quickly meet your death, slaughtered

by Peleus’ son, who’s much more powerful.  

Don’t be obstinate. If only the gods

would love Achilles just as much as I do,

then dogs and vultures would soon gnaw at him

as he lay there. And then my heart might shed

its dreadful sorrow, for he’s taken from me

many valiant sons. Some he’s butchered.

Others he’s sold in islands far away.....

Iliad 21.205-327

Iliad 21. 205-327

主題: 大河也怒吼

Achilles的殘忍行為，猛殺特洛伊的英雄，把一對死屍丟到河裡，終於大河Scamandros憤怒了，出面幫助特洛伊人，大戰Achilles，第233-264行總算讓我們看到Achilles的窘境，大河大水滔滔，Achilles驚慌，抓住河邊的榆樹，十分驚險。Scamandros像是園丁，努力把護他的花園，Achilles大輸，畢竟他鬥不過河神。只是，Achilles沒有認輸，倒是呼叫宙斯與海神相助。
榆樹(πτελέα，elm, Ulmus glabra)，危急中，Achilles緊抓不放的支撐。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D233

ἦ, καὶ Ἀχιλλεὺς μὲν δουρικλυτὸς ἔνθορε μέσσῳ

κρημνοῦ ἀπαΐξας: ὃ δ᾽ ἐπέσσυτο οἴδματι θύων,

πάντα δ᾽ ὄρινε ῥέεθρα κυκώμενος, ὦσε δὲ νεκροὺς

πολλούς, οἵ ῥα κατ᾽ αὐτὸν ἅλις ἔσαν, οὓς κτάν᾽ Ἀχιλλεύς

τοὺς ἔκβαλλε θύραζε μεμυκὼς ἠΰτε ταῦρος

χέρσον δέ: ζωοὺς δὲ σάω κατὰ καλὰ ῥέεθρα,

κρύπτων ἐν δίνῃσι βαθείῃσιν μεγάλῃσι.

δεινὸν δ᾽ ἀμφ᾽ Ἀχιλῆα κυκώμενον ἵστατο κῦμα,

ὤθει δ᾽ ἐν σάκεϊ πίπτων ῥόος: οὐδὲ πόδεσσιν

εἶχε στηρίξασθαι: ὃ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν

εὐφυέα μεγάλην: ἣ δ᾽ ἐκ ῥιζῶν ἐριποῦσα

κρημνὸν ἅπαντα διῶσεν, ἐπέσχε δὲ καλὰ ῥέεθρα

ὄζοισιν πυκινοῖσι, γεφύρωσεν δέ μιν αὐτὸν

εἴσω πᾶσ᾽ ἐριποῦσ᾽: ὃ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐκ δίνης ἀνορούσας

ἤϊξεν πεδίοιο ποσὶ κραιπνοῖσι πέτεσθαι

δείσας: οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔληγε θεὸς μέγας, ὦρτο δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

ἀκροκελαινιόων, ἵνα μιν παύσειε πόνοιο

δῖον Ἀχιλλῆα, Τρώεσσι δὲ λοιγὸν ἀλάλκοι.

Πηλεΐδης δ᾽ ἀπόρουσεν ὅσον τ᾽ ἐπὶ δουρὸς ἐρωή,

αἰετοῦ οἴματ᾽ ἔχων μέλανος τοῦ θηρητῆρος,

ὅς θ᾽ ἅμα κάρτιστός τε καὶ ὤκιστος πετεηνῶν:

τῷ ἐϊκὼς ἤϊξεν, ἐπὶ στήθεσσι δὲ χαλκὸς

σμερδαλέον κονάβιζεν: ὕπαιθα δὲ τοῖο λιασθεὶς

φεῦγ᾽, ὃ δ᾽ ὄπισθε ῥέων ἕπετο μεγάλῳ ὀρυμαγδῷ.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὀχετηγὸς ἀπὸ κρήνης μελανύδρου

ἂμ φυτὰ καὶ κήπους ὕδατι ῥόον ἡγεμονεύῃ

χερσὶ μάκελλαν ἔχων, ἀμάρης ἐξ ἔχματα βάλλων:

τοῦ μέν τε προρέοντος ὑπὸ ψηφῖδες ἅπασαι

ὀχλεῦνται: τὸ δέ τ᾽ ὦκα κατειβόμενον κελαρύζει

χώρῳ ἔνι προαλεῖ, φθάνει δέ τε καὶ τὸν ἄγοντα:

ὣς αἰεὶ Ἀχιλῆα κιχήσατο κῦμα ῥόοιο

καὶ λαιψηρὸν ἐόντα: θεοὶ δέ τε φέρτεροι ἀνδρῶν.

The river spoke. Then famous spearman Achilles

jumped from the bank into the middle of the stream.

The river attacked him with a rising flood,

stirring all his waters into seething turmoil,

sweeping up many corpses crowded in the shoals,

men slaughtered by Achilles. Roaring like a bull,

the river hurled these bodies up onto the shore,

preserving in its lovely stream those still alive

by hiding them in deep wide pools. Around Achilles,        

huge waves towered threateningly, beating down

his shield. The breaking waters pushed him backwards.

Achilles lost his footing. His hand reached out to grab

a large elm tree, fully grown, but the tree came loose,

roots and all, tearing the whole river bank away.

As it fell in the river, its thick branches blocked

that lovely stream, damming its flow. In terror,

Achilles scrambled up out of the raging waters,

trying on his swift feet to run out to the plain.

But the great god wasn’t done. With a dark wave,      

he went after godlike Achilles, to prevent

the killing and to rescue Trojans from destruction.         

Peleus’ son ran off as far as one spear throw,

moving as fast as a black eagle plummets,

the hunting bird which is the strongest and the fastest

of all flying things—that’s how Achilles ran.

The bronze armour on his chest was clanging fearfully

as he swerved out from underneath the flooding river,

desperate to escape. But with a tremendous roar,

Scamander’s flood rushed on in pursuit behind him.     

Just as a man laying out a ditch from a dark spring

to his plants and gardens digs a water channel,

mattock in hand, removing what obstructs the flow,

and the water, as it starts to run, pushes aside                                           

the pebbles, and then, gaining momentum, flows down

and overtakes the man who’s guiding it—

that’s how the flooding wave kept clutching at Achilles

for all his speed, since gods have much more strength than men.

Scamander fought on the side of the Trojans during the Trojan War (Iliad XX, 73/74; XXI), after the Greek hero Achilles insulted him. Scamander was also said to have attempted to kill Achilles three times, and the hero was only saved due to the intervention of Hera, Athena and Hephaestus. In this context, he is the personification of the Scamander River that flowed from Mount Ida across the plain beneath the city of Troy, joining the Hellespont north of the city. The Achaeans, according to Homer, had set up their camp near its mouth, and their battles with the Trojans were fought on the plain of Scamander. In Iliad XXII (149ff), Homer states that the river had two springs: one produced warm water; the other yielded cold water, regardless of the season.