Odyssey 19. 554-604 夢的兩扇門

解夢?Penelope的「老鷹殺20隻白鵝」之夢，就像之前的異象，指向Odysseus一定回來報仇，擊退或是殺死那群追求者。但是，這說法似乎簡化太多細節，例如，Penelope口中的「我的鵝」(my geese)，的象徵意義是甚麼? 一般人看到數字20，馬上聯想到Odysseus離家20年，這是否意味Penelope葬送二十年歲月?

  Penelope下面提出夢與真的一個看法，用了「兩扇門」的比喻，當然也是文字遊戲:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D544

ξεῖν᾽, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι

γίγνοντ᾽, οὐδέ τι πάντα τελείεται ἀνθρώποισι.

δοιαὶ γάρ τε πύλαι ἀμενηνῶν εἰσὶν ὀνείρων:

αἱ μὲν γὰρ κεράεσσι τετεύχαται, αἱ δ᾽ ἐλέφαντι:

τῶν οἳ μέν κ᾽ ἔλθωσι διὰ πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος,

οἵ ῥ᾽ ἐλεφαίρονται, ἔπε᾽ ἀκράαντα φέροντες:

οἱ δὲ διὰ ξεστῶν κεράων ἔλθωσι θύραζε,

οἵ ῥ᾽ ἔτυμα κραίνουσι, βροτῶν ὅτε κέν τις ἴδηται.

ἀλλ᾽ ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ὀΐομαι αἰνὸν ὄνειρον

ἐλθέμεν: ἦ κ᾽ ἀσπαστὸν ἐμοὶ καὶ παιδὶ γένοιτο.

(Odyssey 19. 560-569)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

Stranger, stories told in dreams are difficult—  

their meanings are not clear, and for people

they are not realized in every detail.

There are two gates for insubstantial dreams,

one made of horn and one of ivory.

Those which pass through the fresh-cut ivory

deceive—the words they bring are unfulfilled.

Those which come through the gate of polished horn,

once some mortal sees them, bring on the truth.

ἀκριτόμυθος confusedly babbling

δοιοί two, both

πύλη one wing of a pair of double gates

κέρας the horn of an animal

κραίνω fulfill

ἐλέφας elephant

ἐλεφαίρονται  deceive

夢，穿越牛角之門，成真，牛角κέρας和實現κραίνω 因十分接近。另一扇象牙之門，則是欺騙之路，大象ἐλέφας 和欺騙ἐλεφαίρονται同一字源。Penelope道出一個簡單的道理，有的夢和現實中會成真，有些則是虛幻；只是，夢的真與假，虛與實，都不是重點。有人因為有夢，生活更積極，有人被夢迷惑，渾渾噩噩。此外，解夢，說穿了也是虛構，不過是不同觀點的呈現。

   Penelope是積極的，馬上把夢放一邊，開始規劃明天的比賽；旁邊的「異鄉人」再次承諾，弓射穿鐵釜之前，Odysseus一定回來! 他一定會回來! 真正的聲音是，我一定會回來! 誓歸!

圖片出處: http://odysseus544.blogspot.tw/2008/03/book-19-discovered.html

Odyssey 19. 476-507 歡歡喜喜幫他洗腳

Odyssey 19. 476-507

當老奶媽 Eurycleia認出主人時，心裡是無比激動，盆裡的水溢出，而她馬上眼神轉向Penelope，急著要告訴她，等了二十年的丈夫回來了，一瞬間，Penelope分了神沒注意到，Odysseus趕緊制止老奶媽說出實情:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D405

ἦ καὶ Πηνελόπειαν ἐσέδρακεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι,

πεφραδέειν ἐθέλουσα φίλον πόσιν ἔνδον ἐόντα.

ἡ δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἀθρῆσαι δύνατ᾽ ἀντίη οὔτε νοῆσαι:

τῇ γὰρ Ἀθηναίη νόον ἔτραπεν: αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

χεῖρ᾽ ἐπιμασσάμενος φάρυγος λάβε δεξιτερῆφι,

τῇ δ᾽ ἑτέρῃ ἕθεν ἆσσον ἐρύσσατο φώνησέν τε. (Odyssey 19. 476-481)

‘

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

She spoke, and her eyes glanced over at Penelope,

anxious to tell her that her husband had come home.

But Penelope could not see her face or understand,

for Athena had diverted her attention.

Then Odysseus’ arms reached out for Eurycleia—

with his right hand he grabbed her by the throat,  

and with the other pulled her closer to him.

Then he said:

這些一連串的動作，十分逼真，眼神的交會與錯開都很重要，當然，Odysseus立即請老奶媽暫時不要公開他的身分，他才可以順利展開報仇計畫。老奶媽表達自己的忠貞不渝，了解事情輕重，但是，還說到等主人報仇成功，她有要事報告，是關於那些女僕叛變的事。也挺寫實，因為自古人情是非，這忠貞的老奶媽，顯然有打小報告的特質!

   有智慧的主人Odysseus回答:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D499

μαῖα, τίη δὲ σὺ τὰς μυθήσεαι; οὐδέ τί σε χρή.

εὖ νυ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ φράσομαι καὶ εἴσομ᾽ ἑκάστην:

ἀλλ᾽ ἔχε σιγῇ μῦθον, ἐπίτρεψον δὲ θεοῖσιν. (Odyssey 19. 476-481)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

Good mother, why speak to me about them?  

There’s no need. I myself will look at them

and get to know each one. But keep this news

to yourself. Leave the matter with the gods.”

把自己的是管好，別人的是是非非，心理了然就好，其實主人Odysseus早已默默觀察家裡僕人與女僕的狀況，最重要，其他的事交給老天爺吧(πίτρεψον δὲ θεοῖσιν)，和東方的思維幾分相似喔!

    把握當下，享受當下該做的事! 老奶媽 Eurycleia聽懂主人的意思，回頭再拿水，愉快地幫主人洗腳，抹油，Odysseus 在火爐坐下取暖，用身上破布把腳的疤痕蓋住。一個卑微的洗腳動作，卻是最高貴的象徵，老奶媽 Eurycleia洗腳這一幕，從Aristotle以來，兩千多年了都是文學與藝術討論的重點!

   洗腳，是古代地中海待客之道的習俗，也是新約聖經的主題，福音書提到耶穌幫門徒洗腳，希望以後的信徒也能彼此洗腳，是愛的象徵。

以下圖片與資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_washing

Christ Washing the Feet of the Apostles by Meister des Hausbuches, 1475 (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin).

我是你們的主、你們的夫子、尚且洗你們的腳、你們也當彼此洗腳。

——《約翰福音》第13章第14節

Odysseus名字來源

當時，奶媽Eurycleia抱著剛出生的Odysseus，請他的外公Antolycus幫忙取名字，外公的回應是:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D405

γαμβρὸς ἐμὸς θυγάτηρ τε, τίθεσθ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ὅττι κεν εἴπω:

πολλοῖσιν γὰρ ἐγώ γε ὀδυσσάμενος τόδ᾽ ἱκάνω,

ἀνδράσιν ἠδὲ γυναιξὶν ἀνὰ χθόνα πουλυβότειραν:

τῷ δ᾽ Ὀδυσεὺς ὄνομ᾽ ἔστω ἐπώνυμον: αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε,

ὁππότ᾽ ἂν ἡβήσας μητρώϊον ἐς μέγα δῶμα

ἔλθῃ Παρνησόνδ᾽, ὅθι πού μοι κτήματ᾽ ἔασι,

τῶν οἱ ἐγὼ δώσω καί μιν χαίροντ᾽ ἀποπέμψω. (Odyssey 19. 406-412)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

My son-in-law and daughter, give the boy

whatever name I say. Since I’ve come here

as one who’s been enraged at many people,

men and women, on this all-nourishing earth,

let him be called Odysseus, a man of rage.

As for me, when he’s become a full-grown man

and comes to see his mother’s family home

at Parnassus, where I keep my property,

I’ll give him some of it and send him off.

He’ll be delighted.

因為Antolycus來到Ithaca時，似乎不太滿意這兒稠密的國土，新中滿滿的怨氣(ὀδυσσάμενος)，所以就把這嬰兒取名Odysseus，意思是憤怒的人。第14.145-147行則提到 Odysseus名字隱藏的意義: Man of Pain。Odysseus與ὀδύρομαι同源，意思是悲傷，悲哀。兩層意義的總結是悲憤的一生?

   不過，他的外公預告，等Odysseus長大，到母親Parnassus娘家，他會餽贈一些資產給他，讓他可以快樂一些。照此說法，Odysseus的父親Laertes家似乎貧困一點，他的母親系出Hermes之後代，也是重要的神譜成員。此外，這裡還說明「母系」家產的傳承。

*ὀδύσσομαι or *ὀδυίομαι , Ep. Verb, only used in aor. 1 Med. ὀδύσασθαι (aor. Pass. A. [select] “ὀδυσθῆναι” Hsch.), and once in pf. Pass. ὀδώδυσται, Od.5.423 :—to be wroth against, hate, c. dat. pers., “τῷ μὲν ἔπειτ᾽ ὀδύσαντο θεοί” Il.6.138 ; esp. as the mythic origin of the name Ὀδυσσεύς, as hated by gods and men, τί νύ οἱ τόσον ὠδύσαο, Ζεῦ; Od.1.62 ; τίπτε τοι ὧδε Ποσειδάων . . ὠδύσατ᾽ ἐκπάγλως ; 5.340 ; “πολλοῖσιν γὰρ ἔγωγε ὀδυσσάμενος . . ἱκάνω . . : τῷ δ᾽ Ὀδυσεὺς ὄνομ᾽ ἔστω ἐπώνυμον” 19.407-9, cf. S.Fr.965 ; also “Βριάρεῳ . . πατὴρ ὠδύσσατο θυμῷ” Hes.Th.617 : abs., “ὀδυσσαμένοιο τεοῖο” Il.8.37 : later, c. acc., “ὠδύσατο Ζῆνα” Hom. Epigr.6.8 ; τί . . ἐμὴν ὠδύσσαο νηδύν ; AP9.117.—Ep. Verb, borrowed once by Sophocles in reference to Odysseus.

Odyssey 19.361-475 洗腳?

洗腳? 老奶媽答應Penelope，幫眼前這位可憐的乞丐洗腳，一個簡單的工作，一個小小的動作，卻拉出許多前因後果，幾分鐘的洗腳，拉長，打開幾十年的故事。

   一出場我們就見證老奶媽慈悲的心，願意幫一位歷經風霜的乞丐洗腳，但，老奶媽似乎在乞丐的容貌中瞥見主人Odysseus的影子:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D361

πολλοὶ δὴ ξεῖνοι ταλαπείριοι ἐνθάδ᾽ ἵκοντο,

ἀλλ᾽ οὔ πώ τινά φημι ἐοικότα ὧδε ἰδέσθαι

ὡς σὺ δέμας φωνήν τε πόδας τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆϊ ἔοικας. (Odyssey 19. 279-81)

Many worn-out strangers

have come here, but none of them, I tell you,

 was so like him to look at—your stature,

voice, and feet are all just like Odysseus.

《奧德賽》多次用ταλαπείριος (one who has suffered much, much-suffering)修飾Odysseus，這兒有修飾乞丐，似乎也是一種共通點，更巧的是，乞丐的身材、聲音、與腳都和Odysseus十分相像。當然，聰明的Odysseus為了不被識破，說道，看過他們「兩個」的人，都說他們長得很像。這一關勉強通過!

   當老奶媽拿出盆子，注入水，就要開始幫他洗腳，Odysseus有不祥的預感，因為他腳上的疤痕(οὐλή)，一個無法掩飾的符號，將洩漏他的真實身分:

ὣς ἄρ᾽ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ λέβηθ᾽ ἕλε παμφανόωντα

τοῦ πόδας ἐξαπένιζεν, ὕδωρ δ᾽ ἐνεχεύατο πουλὺ

ψυχρόν, ἔπειτα δὲ θερμὸν ἐπήφυσεν. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

ἷζεν ἐπ᾽ ἐσχαρόφιν, ποτὶ δὲ σκότον ἐτράπετ᾽ αἶψα:

αὐτίκα γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ὀΐσατο, μή ἑ λαβοῦσα

οὐλὴν ἀμφράσσαιτο καὶ ἀμφαδὰ ἔργα γένοιτο.

νίζε δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἆσσον ἰοῦσα ἄναχθ᾽ ἑόν: αὐτίκα δ᾽ ἔγνω

οὐλήν, τήν ποτέ μιν σῦς ἤλασε λευκῷ ὀδόντι

Παρνησόνδ᾽ ἐλθόντα μετ᾽ Αὐτόλυκόν τε καὶ υἷας,

μητρὸς ἑῆς πάτερ᾽ ἐσθλόν, ὃς ἀνθρώπους ἐκέκαστο

κλεπτοσύνῃ θ᾽ ὅρκῳ τε (Odyssey 19. 386-96)

After these words from Odysseus,

the old woman took the shining bowl to wash his feet.

She poured in plenty of cold water and added

warmer water to it. Odysseus then sat down

some distance from the hearth and quickly turned around

towards the darkness. For suddenly in his heart

he was afraid that, when she touched him, she might see 

a scar he had, and then the truth would be revealed.

She came up and began to wash her master.

She recognized the scar immediately, a wound

a boar’s white tusk had given him many years ago,

when he’d gone to Parnassus, making a visit

to Autolycus, his mother's splendid father,

and his sons. That man could surpass all others

in thievery and swearing.

這幾行傷疤 (οὐλή)就出現兩次，第一次是 Odysseus心中猜想，第二次是老奶媽明亮的雙眼注視的焦距。如果拍攝電影，特寫可以放在這野豬的白齒咬傷的痕跡，然侯鏡頭慢慢拉長，時空拉到Odysseus小時候到外公家玩的場景。

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/mythmoore/imagefiles19/eurycleia.html

Detail of an Attic Red-figure skyphos, 440 BC, from Chiusi, by the Penelope Painter. Washing of Odysseus' feet.

Odyssey 19. 53-99 Penelope的象牙椅

Odyssey 19. 53-99

Penelope prepares to question the Stranger

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D47

ἡ δ᾽ ἴεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο περίφρων Πηνελόπεια,

Ἀρτέμιδι ἰκέλη ἠὲ χρυσέῃ Ἀφροδίτῃ.

τῇ παρὰ μὲν κλισίην πυρὶ κάτθεσαν, ἔνθ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐφῖζε,

δινωτὴν ἐλέφαντι καὶ ἀργύρῳ: ἥν ποτε τέκτων

ποίησ᾽ Ἰκμάλιος, καὶ ὑπὸ θρῆνυν ποσὶν ἧκε

προσφυέ᾽ ἐξ αὐτῆς, ὅθ᾽ ἐπὶ μέγα βάλλετο κῶας.

ἔνθα καθέζετ᾽ ἔπειτα περίφρων Πηνελόπεια.

ἦλθον δὲ δμῳαὶ λευκώλενοι ἐκ μεγάροιο.

αἱ δ᾽ ἀπὸ μὲν σῖτον πολὺν ᾕρεον ἠδὲ τραπέζας

καὶ δέπα, ἔνθεν ἄρ᾽ ἄνδρες ὑπερμενέοντες ἔπινον:

πῦρ δ᾽ ἀπὸ λαμπτήρων χαμάδις βάλον, ἄλλα δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν

νήησαν ξύλα πολλά, φόως ἔμεν ἠδὲ θέρεσθαι.  (Odyssey 19. 53-64)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

Then wise Penelope emerged out of her room,

looking like Artemis or golden Aphrodite.

Beside the fire where she used to sit, they placed

a chair for her, inlaid with ivory and silver.

Imalcius (Icmalius), a craftsman, had made it years ago.  

He’d fixed a footstool underneath, part of the chair,

on which they usually threw a large sheep fleece.

Here wise Penelope sat, while white-armed servants

came from the women’s hall and started to remove

the lavish amounts of food, the tables, and the cups

high-spirited suitors had been drinking from.

The embers in the braziers they threw on the floor,

then filled them up with plenty of fresh wood

for warmth and light.

Penelope再次出場，她想利用夜深人靜時，向這位「陌生人」詢問丈夫Odysseus的下落。和Odyssey 17. 36-37一樣，Penelope的描述是如Artemis，又像Aphrodite。她坐在火驢旁一張象牙與銀打造的椅子，而且史詩還提到這是有名的工匠Icmalius (Ἰκμάλιος)所打造的。這名字中有ἴκμη，是橡樹等植物中汁，可以做為黏象牙的膠水，也表示當時已具有製作家具等相關技藝。腳下還有腳凳，椅子上再鋪羊毛。

θρῆνυς footstool

κῶας fleece


這一幕，十八世紀的畫家Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein畫了一幅有名的畫 Ulysses and Penelope，參考下面這幾張圖，有些差異:

圖片資料來源: http://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/tischbein-joh-heinrich-wi/ulysses-and-penelope.html

圖片資料來源: http://louisecharente.wordpress.com/2013/05/20/the-odyssey-books-seventeen-to-twenty-four/  ODYSSEUS AND PENELOPE;COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG

圖片資料來源: HTTP://WWW.CATHERINESVEHLA.COM/MY_WEBLOG/2013/11/ODYSSEY-BOOK-19-QUEEN-PENELOPE-AND-THE-BEGGAR-PART-1-OF-2.HTML

一群女僕開始收拾與整理那群追求者留下的狼藉杯盤，這時女僕Melantho進來大廳，大罵還在此逗留的老乞丐，殊不知這位老兄可是她家的主人Odysseus。Melantho， 伶牙俐齒:

 

‘ξεῖν᾽, ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐνθάδ᾽ ἀνιήσεις διὰ νύκτα

δινεύων κατὰ οἶκον, ὀπιπεύσεις δὲ γυναῖκας; (Odyssey 19. 66-67)

Stranger, are you still going to pester us
even now, all through the night in here,
roaming around the house, spying on women?

ἀνιάω grieve, distress,

這位女僕顯然嫌這位登門乞討的老人，第70-88行，Odysseus也來個機會教育，馬上教訓這位高傲的女僕。Odysseus開口稱呼這女僕δαιμονίη，雖然王煥生的翻譯，「你這惡婦」，但是希臘文δαιμονίη，神聖的女子 (god-like woman)，也許是反諷的口氣，但再一次說明隱藏的觀點，每一張臉，每一個生命，即使是高傲可惡的人，都仍是神聖的，這是平等的倫理美學，不輕視任何人。在 Odysseus的訓話裏頭，也是說明不應該因為一個乞丐衣著破爛，就歧視他。古希臘的傳統給乞丐、流浪的吟唱詩人、流亡的人留餘地，給他們一些溫飽的食物與衣服，這是待客之道。

Penelope罵一頓這個不懂待客之道的女僕，並說明她還要請問眼前作客的異鄉人，打聽主人Odysseus的消息，旋即，請女管家Eurynome端一張椅子，鋪層羊毛，請這位客人上座，她要請教客人問題了。這裡說的椅子是δίφρος chariot-board, a seat, chair, stool。應該和Penelope坐的象牙椅子不同，但是也表示Penelope非常尊敬這位衣衫襤褸卻彬彬有禮的異鄉人。