Bk XXI:311-358 一個教育失敗的例子

當老乞丐提出參賽，到底誰可以決定他的資格？我讀這一段的整體感受：Penelope和Telemachus對話，最後由兒子奪到發言權，或許Telemachus是為了讓母親避開等一下的殺戮場面，但是他的談吐顯得他是一個非常不孝順，不尊敬母親的小孩；也許他急著表現自己是長大，但是處事為人都非常的不成熟。史詩沒有刻意美化Telemachus這腳色，而是客觀如實呈現一個心理狀態不穩，欠缺安全感的大男孩的表達方式。

   310-319行，先是Penelope發言，我喜歡她為人的態度，她認為來者是客，不可以輕視任何人。而且，之前比賽規矩明定，誰能拉弓一箭穿十二鑿斧，誰就能娶她；並沒有考慮出身等其他條件。Penelope有原則，處事公開公正。

   320-329行，Eurymachus尖酸刻薄，說希臘人可無法接受，他們輸給一個乞丐，Penelope嫁給一個沒身分地位，沒錢的人。

330-342行，Penelope再次說明一開始訂的比賽規則，而且指責這些人長期肆無忌憚在Odysseus家中胡鬧，早已名譽掃地。

343-353行，Telemachus強烈言論，奪回主導權:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D311

τὴν δ᾽ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα:

‘μῆτερ ἐμή, τόξον μὲν Ἀχαιῶν οὔ τις ἐμεῖο

κρείσσων, ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλω, δόμεναί τε καὶ ἀρνήσασθαι,

οὔθ᾽ ὅσσοι κραναὴν Ἰθάκην κάτα κοιρανέουσιν,

οὔθ᾽ ὅσσοι νήσοισι πρὸς Ἤλιδος ἱπποβότοιο:

τῶν οὔ τίς μ᾽ ἀέκοντα βιήσεται, αἴ κ᾽ ἐθέλωμι

καὶ καθάπαξ ξείνῳ δόμεναι τάδε τόξα φέρεσθαι.

ἀλλ᾽ εἰς οἶκον ἰοῦσα τὰ σ᾽ αὐτῆς ἔργα κόμιζε,

ἱστόν τ᾽ ἠλακάτην τε, καὶ ἀμφιπόλοισι κέλευε

ἔργον ἐποίχεσθαι: τόξον δ᾽ ἄνδρεσσι μελήσει

πᾶσι, μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐμοί: τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἔστ᾽ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.

(Odyssey 21. 343- 353)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

  Then Eurymachus,  son of Polybus, answered her:

“Wise Penelope, daughter of Icarius, we do not think

this man will take you home. That would be wrong.

But we would be ashamed by public gossip

from both men and women if later on

some low-born Achaean said something like

‘Those men wooing the wife of that fine man    

are far worse than him—they can’t even string

his polished bow, and yet another man,

a beggar who came here on his travels,

did so with ease and then shot through the iron.’

That’s what men will say, and it would be

a slur on us.”

當Telemachus說出「這個家的權力屬於我」，只能說，古希臘的父系社會已然在他的思維中成形；也表示他已經走入角力的社會，他所缺少的是用平等的美學去觀看世界，以平衡的倫理學反思人與人的關係。

Bk XXI:245-310 Odysseus seeks to try the bow

Eurymachus也是連弓都拉不開，覺得很丟臉，他說一句有趣的話:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D205

ἀλλ᾽ εἰ δὴ τοσσόνδε βίης ἐπιδευέες εἰμὲν

ἀντιθέου Ὀδυσῆος, ὅ τ᾽ οὐ δυνάμεσθα τανύσσαι

τόξον: ἐλεγχείη δὲ καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι.

(Odyssey 21. 253-255)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

But if we are so weak compared to godlike Odysseus

that we can’t string his bow, it’s a disgrace

which men will learn about in years to come.

詩人也知道一件事，寫在史詩的褒貶將傳承千年萬年，這群追求者輸的不只是一次比賽， 而是日後的名聲。

   而Antinous提議，這是一次神聖的節慶( the holy feast)，應該酹酒祭 Apollo (Odyssey 21. 256-284)。這時還假扮老乞丐的Odysseus，在一旁附議，特別是贊成把事情交給神明決定，所以且讓他也試一試。(Odyssey 21. 269-284)。 

   顯然，老乞丐這一提議引起反彈，Antinous駁斥，還引用神話故事中Eurytion喝酒鬧事的故事，要眼前這位老乞丐不要發酒瘋：

   http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D205

οἶνος καὶ Κένταυρον, ἀγακλυτὸν Εὐρυτίωνα,

ἄασ᾽ ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ μεγαθύμου Πειριθόοιο,

ἐς Λαπίθας ἐλθόνθ᾽: ὁ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ φρένας ἄασεν οἴνῳ,

μαινόμενος κάκ᾽ ἔρεξε δόμον κάτα Πειριθόοιο:

ἥρωας δ᾽ ἄχος εἷλε, διὲκ προθύρου δὲ θύραζε

ἕλκον ἀναΐξαντες, ἀπ᾽ οὔατα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ

ῥῖνάς τ᾽ ἀμήσαντες: ὁ δὲ φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἀασθεὶς

ἤϊεν ἣν ἄτην ὀχέων ἀεσίφρονι θυμῷ.

ἐξ οὗ Κενταύροισι καὶ ἀνδράσι νεῖκος ἐτύχθη,

οἷ δ᾽ αὐτῷ πρώτῳ κακὸν εὕρετο οἰνοβαρείων.

(Odyssey 21. 295-304)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

The wine, so honey sweet,

has injured you, as it harms other men,

when they gulp it down and drink too much.  

Wine befuddled even great Eurytion,

the centaur, in brave Perithous’ house,

when he’d gone to the Lapiths. Afterwards,

when his heart went blind from drinking wine,

in a mad fit he committed evil acts

in Perithous’ home. Grief seized the heroes.

They jumped up and hauled him out of doors,

through the gate, then cut off his ears and nose

with pitiless bronze. His wits were reckless,

and he went on his way, bearing madness 

in his foolish heart. And that’s the reason

the fight between centaurs and men began.

 希臘神話故事中Eurytion可能有不同的出處。這個喝酒沒節制的故事，說明古代人應該有不少酗酒問題，所以這類故事提醒人要節制。但是，由Antinous這個常常在Odysseus家喝酒鬧事的人說出此故事，顯得格外諷刺。

資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytion In Greek mythology Eurytion (or, alternatively, Eurythion; Greek: Εὐρυτίων, gen.: Εὐρυτίωνος), "widely honoured", was a name attributed to six individuals. l  The king of Phthia, son of either Actor, or of Ctimenus (Κτίμενος), or of Irus and Demonassa, or of Kenethos and Cerion, and father of Antigone. He is counted among the Argonauts and the Calydonian hunters. In Phthia, Peleus was purified by Eurytion for the murder of Phocus and married Antigone, Eurytion's daughter. Peleus accidentally killed Eurytion during the hunt for the Calydonian Boar and fled from Phthia to Iolcus, where he was purified by Acastus. l  A Centaur of Arcadia who demanded to marry the daughter of Dexamenus of Olenus, either Mnesimache or Deianira, or who threatened violence against his daughter Hippolyte on the day of her marriage to Azan. Her father was forced to agree, but Heracles intervened on her behalf and killed the wild horse-man. l  Another Centaur, of Thessaly, who attempted to carry off the bride of Peirithous, king of the Lapiths, on their wedding day. He and his fellows were killed in the fight with the Lapiths that followed, the Centauromachy. Ovid refers to him as "Eurytus", and by his Latinized Greek name "Eurytion". l  Son of Ares and the Hesperid Erytheia, who bore him "beside the silver-rooted boundless waters of the river Tartessus, in the hollow of a rock," according to a Strabo's quote from a lost poem of Stesichoros. He, and the two-headed dog Orthrus, were the guardians of the cattle of Geryon and were killed by Heracles. l  This Eurytion was also used as a character in the Percy Jackson book The Battle of the Labyrinth. l  A Trojan archer during the Trojan War, son of Lycaon and brother of Pandarus. He participated in the funeral games of Anchises. l  A defender of Thebes against the Seven, was killed by Parthenopaeus.

Bk XXI:186-244 Odysseus reveals himself to Eumaeus

觀察許久，Odysseus應該很確定，離家二十年中，仍忠心耿耿的僕人有兩位: 豬倌Eumaues和牛倌Philoetius。眼見時機成熟，Odysseus把他們拉到外面，表明身分。這兩位一開始也不相信，他們需要驗明正身，Odysseus秀出腳傷，果真是有效的證明。兩人一確定眼前就是主人Odysseus，又是大哭一場，Odysseus勸阻，因為他需要他們的及時幫助:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D205

παύεσθον κλαυθμοῖο γόοιό τε, μή τις ἴδηται

ἐξελθὼν μεγάροιο, ἀτὰρ εἴπῃσι καὶ εἴσω.

ἀλλὰ προμνηστῖνοι ἐσέλθετε, μηδ᾽ ἅμα πάντες,

πρῶτος ἐγώ, μετὰ δ᾽ ὔμμες: ἀτὰρ τόδε σῆμα τετύχθω:

ἄλλοι μὲν γὰρ πάντες, ὅσοι μνηστῆρες ἀγαυοί,

οὐκ ἐάσουσιν ἐμοὶ δόμεναι βιὸν ἠδὲ φαρέτρην:

ἀλλὰ σύ, δῖ᾽ Εὔμαιε, φέρων ἀνὰ δώματα τόξον

ἐν χείρεσσιν ἐμοὶ θέμεναι, εἰπεῖν τε γυναιξὶ

κληῗσαι μεγάροιο θύρας πυκινῶς ἀραρυίας,

ἢν δέ τις ἢ στοναχῆς ἠὲ κτύπου ἔνδον ἀκούσῃ

ἀνδρῶν ἡμετέροισιν ἐν ἕρκεσι, μή τι θύραζε

προβλώσκειν, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἀκὴν ἔμεναι παρὰ ἔργῳ.

σοὶ δέ, Φιλοίτιε δῖε, θύρας ἐπιτέλλομαι αὐλῆς

κληῗσαι κληῗδι, θοῶς δ᾽ ἐπὶ δεσμὸν ἰῆλαι.

(Odyssey 21. 228-241)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

“Stop these laments. Let’s have no more crying.

Someone might come out from the hall, see us,

and tell the people in the house. Let’s go in,

one by one, not all together. I’ll go first. 

You come later. And let’s make this our sign.

All those other men, the noble suitors,

will not allow the quiver and the bow

to be given to me. But, good Eumaeus, 

as you’re carrying that bow through the house,

put it in my hands, and tell the women

to lock their room—bolt the close-fitting doors.

If any of them hears the noise of men

groaning or being hit inside our walls,

she’s to stay quiet, working where she is,

and not run off outside. Now, as for you,  

good Philoetius, I want you to lock

the courtyard gates. Bolt and lash them shut.

Do it quickly.”

Odysseus設想周全，安排兩個忠心的奴僕在外關門，到時候這些追求者就無處可逃。

下面圖片來源: http://swineherder.blogspot.tw/2011/02/eumaeus_17.html

Bk XXI:136-185 The Suitors try the bow

比賽即將展開，出場比賽的人員位置的示意圖如下，原則是 Antinous宣布的:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D118

τοῖσιν δ᾽ Ἀντίνοος μετέφη, Εὐπείθεος υἱός:

‘ὄρνυσθ᾽ ἑξείης ἐπιδέξια πάντες ἑταῖροι,

ἀρξάμενοι τοῦ χώρου ὅθεν τέ περ οἰνοχοεύει.

(Odyssey 21. 140-142)

Then Antinous, Eupeithes’ son, addressed them: 

“All you comrades, get up in order now,  

from left to right, beginning from the place

where the steward pours the wine.”

ἑξείης in order, one after another

ἐπιδέξιος towards the right

οἰνοχοεύω pour out wine for drinking,

所以就從位置遠遠的，對這群追求者也是不滿的Leiodes開始。顯然這人平日也很少練習或是運動，根本拉不開弓，失敗後說了一串預言:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D118

ὦ φίλοι, οὐ μὲν ἐγὼ τανύω, λαβέτω δὲ καὶ ἄλλος.

πολλοὺς γὰρ τόδε τόξον ἀριστῆας κεκαδήσει

θυμοῦ καὶ ψυχῆς, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστι

155τεθνάμεν ἢ ζώοντας ἁμαρτεῖν, οὗθ᾽ ἕνεκ᾽ αἰεὶ

ἐνθάδ᾽ ὁμιλέομεν, ποτιδέγμενοι ἤματα πάντα.

νῦν μέν τις καὶ ἔλπετ᾽ ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ἠδὲ μενοινᾷ

γῆμαι Πηνελόπειαν, Ὀδυσσῆος παράκοιτιν.

αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν τόξου πειρήσεται ἠδὲ ἴδηται,

ἄλλην δή τιν᾽ ἔπειτα Ἀχαιϊάδων εὐπέπλων

μνάσθω ἐέδνοισιν διζήμενος: ἡ δέ κ᾽ ἔπειτα

γήμαιθ᾽ ὅς κε πλεῖστα πόροι καὶ μόρσιμος ἔλθοι.

(Odyssey 21.152-162)

   “My friends, I’m not the man to string this bow. So now,

let someone else take hold of it. This bow

will take away from many excellent men

their lives and spirits, since it’s far better

to die than live and fail in the attempt

to have what we are gathered here to get,

always waiting in hope day after day.

Now every man has feelings in his heart—

he desires and hopes to wed Penelope,

Odysseus’ wife. But when he’s tried this bow

and observed what happens, then let him woo

another of Achaea’s well-dressed women, 

seeking to win her with his bridal gifts,

and then Penelope can wed the man

who offers her the most, whose fate it is

to be her husband.”

說得很對，這弓箭不祥，將奪走很多人命；而且，Penelope還是會回到自己丈夫身旁。

   只是他說的預言有人聽嗎? 沒有。Antinous辯駁，「不能因為你做不到，就以為別人都做不到。」而且，Antinous還有點小聰明，把彎弓烘烤一下，塗抹油，弓變得比較光滑。可惜，還是沒用。

Bk XXI:80-135 Telemachus sets up the axes

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D80

ὣς φάτο, καί ῥ᾽ Εὔμαιον ἀνώγει, δῖον ὑφορβόν,

τόξον μνηστήρεσσι θέμεν πολιόν τε σίδηρον.

δακρύσας δ᾽ Εὔμαιος ἐδέξατο καὶ κατέθηκε:

κλαῖε δὲ βουκόλος ἄλλοθ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἴδε τόξον ἄνακτος.

      (Odyssey 21. 80-83)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

When she’d said this,

she then told Eumaeus, the loyal swineherd,

to set the bow and gray iron axes for the suitors.

With tears in his eyes, Eumaeus picked them up

and laid them out. Philoetius, the goatherd,

was weeping, too, in another spot, once he saw

his master’s bow.

當Odysseus的彎弓一亮相，就有兩個忠實的僕人流淚，豬倌Eumaeus和牧牛奴Philoetius 兩個大男人，這樣就哭? 有人笑他們傻，Antinous還說這兩位是大笨蛋(foolish bumpkins，νήπιοι ἀγροιῶται，Odyssey 21.86)，我倒覺得史詩裡的人哭笑都很直接，就像小孩子一樣。

   這比賽很關鍵，必須一箭穿心，正確的書說法是，要穿過十二個心。雖然Antinous假裝謙虛一下，但內心真的很想順利安弦，然後一件穿越12座鐵斧。但，很難喔! 下面的圖示，可以幫助我們想像這比賽的難度：

Odyssey 21. 118-135描寫Telemachus是安弦四次都失敗，他的動作約略整理如下:

脫下紫色外袍

取下身上鋒利的配件

立起鐵斧

挖出長長的深溝

用垂線瞄直

周圍填土

然後安弦，用力拉弓，Telemachus試了四次都失敗，他比他的父親還遜色? 還是故意裝的?

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D118

ὢ πόποι, ἦ καὶ ἔπειτα κακός τ᾽ ἔσομαι καὶ ἄκικυς,

ἠὲ νεώτερός εἰμι καὶ οὔ πω χερσὶ πέποιθα

ἄνδρ᾽ ἀπαμύνασθαι, ὅτε τις πρότερος χαλεπήνῃ.

ἀλλ᾽ ἄγεθ᾽, οἵ περ ἐμεῖο βίῃ προφερέστεροί ἐστε,

τόξου πειρήσασθε, καὶ ἐκτελέωμεν ἄεθλον.

      (Odyssey 21. 131-135)

“Well, I suppose I’ll remain a coward,

a weak man, too, in future days, or else

I’m still too young and cannot yet rely

on my own strength to guard me from a man  

who gets angry with me first. But come now,

you men who are more powerful than me,

test this bow. Let’s end this competition.”

坦白說，我並不喜歡Telemachus，總覺得他說話都太酸了。