Odyssey 20. 1-55 Odysseus的睡眠問題

Bk XX:1-55 Athene visits Odysseus

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1

αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐν προδόμῳ εὐνάζετο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς:

κὰμ μὲν ἀδέψητον βοέην στόρεσ᾽, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε

κώεα πόλλ᾽ ὀΐων, τοὺς ἱρεύεσκον Ἀχαιοί:

Εὐρυνόμη δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπὶ χλαῖναν βάλε κοιμηθέντι.

ἔνθ᾽ Ὀδυσεὺς μνηστῆρσι κακὰ φρονέων ἐνὶ θυμῷ

κεῖτ᾽ ἐγρηγορόων:  (Odyssey 20. 1-6)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey20.htm

So lord Odysseus went to the portico to sleep.

Underneath he spread an untanned hide and on top

fleeces from many sheep slaughtered for sacrifice

by the Achaeans. Eurynome spread a cloak on him,

once he lay down to rest. But he couldn’t sleep.

His heart was hatching trouble for the suitors.

睡眠問題，是一個古老的問題! 荷馬史詩很多「失眠」的例子，似乎每個角色都有一些睡眠問題。Odysseus，此刻佯裝乞丐，準備復仇計畫，在自家的外屋，雖舖有生牛皮和羊毛，也蓋著袍毯，但是，足智多謀的腦袋似乎無法安靜。此刻，那群女僕的嬉笑聲，更是激怒Odysseus，煩，燜，躁，怒，輾轉難眠。

  如何形容這位大英雄的生氣?二十卷一開場，用了兩個比喻，第一個是母狗的咆嘯:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1

      κραδίη δέ οἱ ἔνδον ὑλάκτει.

ὡς δὲ κύων ἀμαλῇσι περὶ σκυλάκεσσι βεβῶσα

ἄνδρ᾽ ἀγνοιήσασ᾽ ὑλάει μέμονέν τε μάχεσθαι,

ὥς ῥα τοῦ ἔνδον ὑλάκτει ἀγαιομένου κακὰ ἔργα:  (Odyssey 20. 13-16)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey20.htm

Inside him his heart was growling.

Just as a bitch stands snarling

above her tender pups when she sees anyone

she does not recognize and is prepared to fight,

that how in his anger the heart within him growled

at their disgraceful acts

內心的憤怒正在嘶吼(ὑλακτέω, bark, bay, howl)，但比喻成母狗保護小狗，斥責那些宵小的不當行徑! 從著比喻，再次問Odysseus為何生氣? 因為以為自己是站在正義使者的立場，因為自己是這個家的守護者，所以生氣來自不甘心看見那群追求者不當的行徑，還是自責二十年來的失職?

  即使Odysseus試著自我心理建設，要自己百般忍耐，但心中怒火繼續燒，第二個比喻形容怒火翻滾，像烤肥羊肉時的火(Odyssey 20. 25-26)，忐忑不安，怒火越攪越烈。忿忿不平，難以平息，睡不著。所以，生氣的兩種說法: 他的心吶喊，他的心翻滾；心這個字θυμός (soul, spirit)，在這幾行反覆出現。

   Odysseus對自己喊話:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1

τέτλαθι δή, κραδίη: καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο ποτ᾽ ἔτλης.

ἤματι τῷ ὅτε μοι μένος ἄσχετος ἤσθιε Κύκλωψ

ἰφθίμους ἑτάρους: σὺ δ᾽ ἐτόλμας, ὄφρα σε μῆτις

ἐξάγαγ᾽ ἐξ ἄντροιο ὀϊόμενον θανέεσθαι.  (Odyssey 20. 18-21)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey20.htm

“Hang on, my heart.

You went through things worse than this that day 

the Cyclops, in his frantic rage, devoured

your strong companions. You held out then, 

until your cunning led you from that cave,

where you thought you would die.”

忍，忍，撐住! 提到當時誤闖獨眼巨人Cyclops的山洞，本來必死無疑，但他也是靠著自己的機智度過難關。機智和「沒有人」是同一希臘文: μῆτις。但，Odysseus的煩惱似乎也來自過度倚賴自己的機智。

    雅典娜出現了，對話中，我們知道原來Odysseus心中煩惱兩件事: 第一是，明天如何動手，第二是，之後逃往何處? (Odyssey 20. 37-43)原來，聰明的奧德賽早已了然，報仇之後的代價更大，甚至無安身之處。

    雅典娜點出失眠將引更多精神問題，徹夜未眠，會耗損元氣，讓人更心情更不好 (ἀνίη καὶ τὸ φυλάσσειν πάννυχον ἐγρήσσοντα/To stay awake, on guard all night, will make you wary)。睡覺 (ὕπνος，sleep, slumber)是大事，智慧女神已多次要Telemachus，Penelope，Odysseus好好睡覺。看來這一家人都有睡眠問題喔!

Odyssey 19. 554-604 夢的兩扇門

解夢?Penelope的「老鷹殺20隻白鵝」之夢，就像之前的異象，指向Odysseus一定回來報仇，擊退或是殺死那群追求者。但是，這說法似乎簡化太多細節，例如，Penelope口中的「我的鵝」(my geese)，的象徵意義是甚麼? 一般人看到數字20，馬上聯想到Odysseus離家20年，這是否意味Penelope葬送二十年歲月?

  Penelope下面提出夢與真的一個看法，用了「兩扇門」的比喻，當然也是文字遊戲:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D544

ξεῖν᾽, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι

γίγνοντ᾽, οὐδέ τι πάντα τελείεται ἀνθρώποισι.

δοιαὶ γάρ τε πύλαι ἀμενηνῶν εἰσὶν ὀνείρων:

αἱ μὲν γὰρ κεράεσσι τετεύχαται, αἱ δ᾽ ἐλέφαντι:

τῶν οἳ μέν κ᾽ ἔλθωσι διὰ πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος,

οἵ ῥ᾽ ἐλεφαίρονται, ἔπε᾽ ἀκράαντα φέροντες:

οἱ δὲ διὰ ξεστῶν κεράων ἔλθωσι θύραζε,

οἵ ῥ᾽ ἔτυμα κραίνουσι, βροτῶν ὅτε κέν τις ἴδηται.

ἀλλ᾽ ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ὀΐομαι αἰνὸν ὄνειρον

ἐλθέμεν: ἦ κ᾽ ἀσπαστὸν ἐμοὶ καὶ παιδὶ γένοιτο.

(Odyssey 19. 560-569)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

Stranger, stories told in dreams are difficult—  

their meanings are not clear, and for people

they are not realized in every detail.

There are two gates for insubstantial dreams,

one made of horn and one of ivory.

Those which pass through the fresh-cut ivory

deceive—the words they bring are unfulfilled.

Those which come through the gate of polished horn,

once some mortal sees them, bring on the truth.

ἀκριτόμυθος confusedly babbling

δοιοί two, both

πύλη one wing of a pair of double gates

κέρας the horn of an animal

κραίνω fulfill

ἐλέφας elephant

ἐλεφαίρονται  deceive

夢，穿越牛角之門，成真，牛角κέρας和實現κραίνω 因十分接近。另一扇象牙之門，則是欺騙之路，大象ἐλέφας 和欺騙ἐλεφαίρονται同一字源。Penelope道出一個簡單的道理，有的夢和現實中會成真，有些則是虛幻；只是，夢的真與假，虛與實，都不是重點。有人因為有夢，生活更積極，有人被夢迷惑，渾渾噩噩。此外，解夢，說穿了也是虛構，不過是不同觀點的呈現。

   Penelope是積極的，馬上把夢放一邊，開始規劃明天的比賽；旁邊的「異鄉人」再次承諾，弓射穿鐵釜之前，Odysseus一定回來! 他一定會回來! 真正的聲音是，我一定會回來! 誓歸!

圖片出處: http://odysseus544.blogspot.tw/2008/03/book-19-discovered.html

Odyssey 19. 476-507 歡歡喜喜幫他洗腳

Odyssey 19. 476-507

當老奶媽 Eurycleia認出主人時，心裡是無比激動，盆裡的水溢出，而她馬上眼神轉向Penelope，急著要告訴她，等了二十年的丈夫回來了，一瞬間，Penelope分了神沒注意到，Odysseus趕緊制止老奶媽說出實情:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D405

ἦ καὶ Πηνελόπειαν ἐσέδρακεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι,

πεφραδέειν ἐθέλουσα φίλον πόσιν ἔνδον ἐόντα.

ἡ δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἀθρῆσαι δύνατ᾽ ἀντίη οὔτε νοῆσαι:

τῇ γὰρ Ἀθηναίη νόον ἔτραπεν: αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

χεῖρ᾽ ἐπιμασσάμενος φάρυγος λάβε δεξιτερῆφι,

τῇ δ᾽ ἑτέρῃ ἕθεν ἆσσον ἐρύσσατο φώνησέν τε. (Odyssey 19. 476-481)

‘

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

She spoke, and her eyes glanced over at Penelope,

anxious to tell her that her husband had come home.

But Penelope could not see her face or understand,

for Athena had diverted her attention.

Then Odysseus’ arms reached out for Eurycleia—

with his right hand he grabbed her by the throat,  

and with the other pulled her closer to him.

Then he said:

這些一連串的動作，十分逼真，眼神的交會與錯開都很重要，當然，Odysseus立即請老奶媽暫時不要公開他的身分，他才可以順利展開報仇計畫。老奶媽表達自己的忠貞不渝，了解事情輕重，但是，還說到等主人報仇成功，她有要事報告，是關於那些女僕叛變的事。也挺寫實，因為自古人情是非，這忠貞的老奶媽，顯然有打小報告的特質!

   有智慧的主人Odysseus回答:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D499

μαῖα, τίη δὲ σὺ τὰς μυθήσεαι; οὐδέ τί σε χρή.

εὖ νυ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ φράσομαι καὶ εἴσομ᾽ ἑκάστην:

ἀλλ᾽ ἔχε σιγῇ μῦθον, ἐπίτρεψον δὲ θεοῖσιν. (Odyssey 19. 476-481)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

Good mother, why speak to me about them?  

There’s no need. I myself will look at them

and get to know each one. But keep this news

to yourself. Leave the matter with the gods.”

把自己的是管好，別人的是是非非，心理了然就好，其實主人Odysseus早已默默觀察家裡僕人與女僕的狀況，最重要，其他的事交給老天爺吧(πίτρεψον δὲ θεοῖσιν)，和東方的思維幾分相似喔!

    把握當下，享受當下該做的事! 老奶媽 Eurycleia聽懂主人的意思，回頭再拿水，愉快地幫主人洗腳，抹油，Odysseus 在火爐坐下取暖，用身上破布把腳的疤痕蓋住。一個卑微的洗腳動作，卻是最高貴的象徵，老奶媽 Eurycleia洗腳這一幕，從Aristotle以來，兩千多年了都是文學與藝術討論的重點!

   洗腳，是古代地中海待客之道的習俗，也是新約聖經的主題，福音書提到耶穌幫門徒洗腳，希望以後的信徒也能彼此洗腳，是愛的象徵。

以下圖片與資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_washing

Christ Washing the Feet of the Apostles by Meister des Hausbuches, 1475 (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin).

我是你們的主、你們的夫子、尚且洗你們的腳、你們也當彼此洗腳。

——《約翰福音》第13章第14節

Odysseus名字來源

當時，奶媽Eurycleia抱著剛出生的Odysseus，請他的外公Antolycus幫忙取名字，外公的回應是:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D405

γαμβρὸς ἐμὸς θυγάτηρ τε, τίθεσθ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ὅττι κεν εἴπω:

πολλοῖσιν γὰρ ἐγώ γε ὀδυσσάμενος τόδ᾽ ἱκάνω,

ἀνδράσιν ἠδὲ γυναιξὶν ἀνὰ χθόνα πουλυβότειραν:

τῷ δ᾽ Ὀδυσεὺς ὄνομ᾽ ἔστω ἐπώνυμον: αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε,

ὁππότ᾽ ἂν ἡβήσας μητρώϊον ἐς μέγα δῶμα

ἔλθῃ Παρνησόνδ᾽, ὅθι πού μοι κτήματ᾽ ἔασι,

τῶν οἱ ἐγὼ δώσω καί μιν χαίροντ᾽ ἀποπέμψω. (Odyssey 19. 406-412)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey19.htm

My son-in-law and daughter, give the boy

whatever name I say. Since I’ve come here

as one who’s been enraged at many people,

men and women, on this all-nourishing earth,

let him be called Odysseus, a man of rage.

As for me, when he’s become a full-grown man

and comes to see his mother’s family home

at Parnassus, where I keep my property,

I’ll give him some of it and send him off.

He’ll be delighted.

因為Antolycus來到Ithaca時，似乎不太滿意這兒稠密的國土，新中滿滿的怨氣(ὀδυσσάμενος)，所以就把這嬰兒取名Odysseus，意思是憤怒的人。第14.145-147行則提到 Odysseus名字隱藏的意義: Man of Pain。Odysseus與ὀδύρομαι同源，意思是悲傷，悲哀。兩層意義的總結是悲憤的一生?

   不過，他的外公預告，等Odysseus長大，到母親Parnassus娘家，他會餽贈一些資產給他，讓他可以快樂一些。照此說法，Odysseus的父親Laertes家似乎貧困一點，他的母親系出Hermes之後代，也是重要的神譜成員。此外，這裡還說明「母系」家產的傳承。

*ὀδύσσομαι or *ὀδυίομαι , Ep. Verb, only used in aor. 1 Med. ὀδύσασθαι (aor. Pass. A. [select] “ὀδυσθῆναι” Hsch.), and once in pf. Pass. ὀδώδυσται, Od.5.423 :—to be wroth against, hate, c. dat. pers., “τῷ μὲν ἔπειτ᾽ ὀδύσαντο θεοί” Il.6.138 ; esp. as the mythic origin of the name Ὀδυσσεύς, as hated by gods and men, τί νύ οἱ τόσον ὠδύσαο, Ζεῦ; Od.1.62 ; τίπτε τοι ὧδε Ποσειδάων . . ὠδύσατ᾽ ἐκπάγλως ; 5.340 ; “πολλοῖσιν γὰρ ἔγωγε ὀδυσσάμενος . . ἱκάνω . . : τῷ δ᾽ Ὀδυσεὺς ὄνομ᾽ ἔστω ἐπώνυμον” 19.407-9, cf. S.Fr.965 ; also “Βριάρεῳ . . πατὴρ ὠδύσσατο θυμῷ” Hes.Th.617 : abs., “ὀδυσσαμένοιο τεοῖο” Il.8.37 : later, c. acc., “ὠδύσατο Ζῆνα” Hom. Epigr.6.8 ; τί . . ἐμὴν ὠδύσσαο νηδύν ; AP9.117.—Ep. Verb, borrowed once by Sophocles in reference to Odysseus.

Odyssey 19.361-475 洗腳?

洗腳? 老奶媽答應Penelope，幫眼前這位可憐的乞丐洗腳，一個簡單的工作，一個小小的動作，卻拉出許多前因後果，幾分鐘的洗腳，拉長，打開幾十年的故事。

   一出場我們就見證老奶媽慈悲的心，願意幫一位歷經風霜的乞丐洗腳，但，老奶媽似乎在乞丐的容貌中瞥見主人Odysseus的影子:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D361

πολλοὶ δὴ ξεῖνοι ταλαπείριοι ἐνθάδ᾽ ἵκοντο,

ἀλλ᾽ οὔ πώ τινά φημι ἐοικότα ὧδε ἰδέσθαι

ὡς σὺ δέμας φωνήν τε πόδας τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆϊ ἔοικας. (Odyssey 19. 279-81)

Many worn-out strangers

have come here, but none of them, I tell you,

 was so like him to look at—your stature,

voice, and feet are all just like Odysseus.

《奧德賽》多次用ταλαπείριος (one who has suffered much, much-suffering)修飾Odysseus，這兒有修飾乞丐，似乎也是一種共通點，更巧的是，乞丐的身材、聲音、與腳都和Odysseus十分相像。當然，聰明的Odysseus為了不被識破，說道，看過他們「兩個」的人，都說他們長得很像。這一關勉強通過!

   當老奶媽拿出盆子，注入水，就要開始幫他洗腳，Odysseus有不祥的預感，因為他腳上的疤痕(οὐλή)，一個無法掩飾的符號，將洩漏他的真實身分:

ὣς ἄρ᾽ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ λέβηθ᾽ ἕλε παμφανόωντα

τοῦ πόδας ἐξαπένιζεν, ὕδωρ δ᾽ ἐνεχεύατο πουλὺ

ψυχρόν, ἔπειτα δὲ θερμὸν ἐπήφυσεν. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

ἷζεν ἐπ᾽ ἐσχαρόφιν, ποτὶ δὲ σκότον ἐτράπετ᾽ αἶψα:

αὐτίκα γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ὀΐσατο, μή ἑ λαβοῦσα

οὐλὴν ἀμφράσσαιτο καὶ ἀμφαδὰ ἔργα γένοιτο.

νίζε δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἆσσον ἰοῦσα ἄναχθ᾽ ἑόν: αὐτίκα δ᾽ ἔγνω

οὐλήν, τήν ποτέ μιν σῦς ἤλασε λευκῷ ὀδόντι

Παρνησόνδ᾽ ἐλθόντα μετ᾽ Αὐτόλυκόν τε καὶ υἷας,

μητρὸς ἑῆς πάτερ᾽ ἐσθλόν, ὃς ἀνθρώπους ἐκέκαστο

κλεπτοσύνῃ θ᾽ ὅρκῳ τε (Odyssey 19. 386-96)

After these words from Odysseus,

the old woman took the shining bowl to wash his feet.

She poured in plenty of cold water and added

warmer water to it. Odysseus then sat down

some distance from the hearth and quickly turned around

towards the darkness. For suddenly in his heart

he was afraid that, when she touched him, she might see 

a scar he had, and then the truth would be revealed.

She came up and began to wash her master.

She recognized the scar immediately, a wound

a boar’s white tusk had given him many years ago,

when he’d gone to Parnassus, making a visit

to Autolycus, his mother's splendid father,

and his sons. That man could surpass all others

in thievery and swearing.

這幾行傷疤 (οὐλή)就出現兩次，第一次是 Odysseus心中猜想，第二次是老奶媽明亮的雙眼注視的焦距。如果拍攝電影，特寫可以放在這野豬的白齒咬傷的痕跡，然侯鏡頭慢慢拉長，時空拉到Odysseus小時候到外公家玩的場景。

以下圖片與資料出處: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/mythmoore/imagefiles19/eurycleia.html

Detail of an Attic Red-figure skyphos, 440 BC, from Chiusi, by the Penelope Painter. Washing of Odysseus' feet.