Iliad 23. 1-61

Iliad 23. 1-61

主題: 該不該吃東西?

第23卷非常有名，是古代喪禮儀式的紀錄，此外也記載各種體育競技。一開場，希臘大軍一起哭泣，Achilles的引導下。大家騎馬遶行屍體三次，然後，宰羊宰豬，為大家準備豐盛的喪禮晚宴。

       這時Achilles前往Agamemnon的住處，Agamemnon要士兵架三角鼎，準備火堆，燒熱水給Achilles洗去身上的污血，但是Achilles拒絕，並且發誓在Patroclus 喪禮完成之前，絕不讓洗澡水把他的頭髮沾溼，也且他要剪下一綹頭髮，獻給Patroclus。

       此外，Achilles認為此刻悲痛，若不是因為需要，不應該吃晚餐。

       就他看來，因為Patroclus之死，甚麼事都該暫停，只有戰爭與報仇之事不可停。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D35 αὐτὰρ τόν γε ἄνακτα ποδώκεα Πηλεΐωνα εἰς Ἀγαμέμνονα δῖον ἄγον βασιλῆες Ἀχαιῶν σπουδῇ παρπεπιθόντες ἑταίρου χωόμενον κῆρ. οἳ δ᾽ ὅτε δὴ κλισίην Ἀγαμέμνονος ἷξον ἰόντες, αὐτίκα κηρύκεσσι λιγυφθόγγοισι κέλευσαν ἀμφὶ πυρὶ στῆσαι τρίποδα μέγαν, εἰ πεπίθοιεν Πηλεΐδην λούσασθαι ἄπο βρότον αἱματόεντα. αὐτὰρ ὅ γ᾽ ἠρνεῖτο στερεῶς, ἐπὶ δ᾽ ὅρκον ὄμοσσεν: ‘οὐ μὰ Ζῆν᾽, ὅς τίς τε θεῶν ὕπατος καὶ ἄριστος, οὐ θέμις ἐστὶ λοετρὰ καρήατος ἆσσον ἱκέσθαι πρίν γ᾽ ἐνὶ Πάτροκλον θέμεναι πυρὶ σῆμά τε χεῦαι κείρασθαί τε κόμην, ἐπεὶ οὔ μ᾽ ἔτι δεύτερον ὧδε ἵξετ᾽ ἄχος κραδίην ὄφρα ζωοῖσι μετείω. ἀλλ᾽ ἤτοι νῦν μὲν στυγερῇ πειθώμεθα δαιτί: ἠῶθεν δ᾽ ὄτρυνον ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγάμεμνον ὕλην τ᾽ ἀξέμεναι παρά τε σχεῖν ὅσσ᾽ ἐπιεικὲς νεκρὸν ἔχοντα νέεσθαι ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα, ὄφρ᾽ ἤτοι τοῦτον μὲν ἐπιφλέγῃ ἀκάματον πῦρ θᾶσσον ἀπ᾽ ὀφθαλμῶν, λαοὶ δ᾽ ἐπὶ ἔργα τράπωνται. (Iliad 23:35-53) http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad23.htm Then Achaean leaders led the swift-footed prince, son of Peleus, to lord Agamemnon. They had trouble convincing him to go there— his heart was still so angry for his comrade. Reaching Agamemnon’s hut, they issued orders for clear-voiced heralds to heat up a large cauldron, to see if they could persuade Peleus’ son to wash,  to rinse off the spattered blood. In his stubbornness, he refused to do that, swearing this oath:                                               “By Zeus, highest and most excellent of all gods, it’s not right that water touch my head,    until I’ve laid Patroclus on his fire, piled up a burial mound, and shaved my hair, since such grief will never reach my heart a second time, not while I still remain among the living. But for the moment, let’s agree to dine, though I hate to eat. In the morning, Agamemnon, king of men, you must urge men to gather wood, arrange  all things required for a man who’s died, as he goes below to murky darkness,  so tireless fires can cremate him quickly and remove him from our sight. Then soldiers can resume their duties.” _____________ λουτρόν bath, bathing-place κόμη hair of the head

  

• Boar hunting and funeral games. Francois Vase. The top scene shows Atalanta and Meleager hunting the boar that terrorized Calydon in Aetolia. The lower frieze shows the galloping chariots of the funeral games of Patroclus at Troy with the prizes depicted among them. By Cleitias / Kleitias, ca. 570 B.C. Florence, Museo Archeologico, 4209.

Iliad 22. 248-366

Iliad 22. 248-366

主題: 戰爭奪走良善的人性

細讀荷馬史詩，體會文字之間的感慨傳唱幾千年。

      第248-366行故事大綱是：Hector總算準備好和Achilles決鬥，但他希望有個君子協定，勝的人要還輸家的屍體給對方的陣營；Achilles拒絕接受這種協定，馬上採取攻擊，沒打中；Hector也出手，但矛槍被彈回，Hector在喊Deiphobus準備第二發，但他消失了，此刻Hector完全理解他的死期到了；Achilles 再出手，正中Hector的脖子，臨死前，Hector再次苦求Achilles把他的死屍還給家人，高傲的Achilles還是拒絕；Achilles不理會臨死的Hector的請求，Hector警告Achilles也活不久了；勝利的Achilles根本不把Hector的話當成一回事。

      戰爭製造英雄? Achilles是大英雄，但是，史詩這裡就三次特寫戰爭奪走他本應有的良善與人性，他不再講信用、不相信別人，因為更不相信自己。我們觀察到的是Achilles佈滿血絲的雙眼、憤怒的心、和充滿暴力的語言：

τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς:

‘Ἕκτορ μή μοι ἄλαστε συνημοσύνας ἀγόρευε:

ὡς οὐκ ἔστι λέουσι καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὅρκια πιστά,

οὐδὲ λύκοι τε καὶ ἄρνες ὁμόφρονα θυμὸν ἔχουσιν,

ἀλλὰ κακὰ φρονέουσι διαμπερὲς ἀλλήλοισιν,

ὣς οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ φιλήμεναι, οὐδέ τι νῶϊν

ὅρκια ἔσσονται, πρίν γ᾽ ἢ ἕτερόν γε πεσόντα

αἵματος ἆσαι Ἄρηα ταλαύρινον πολεμιστήν.

παντοίης ἀρετῆς μιμνήσκεο: νῦν σε μάλα χρὴ

αἰχμητήν τ᾽ ἔμεναι καὶ θαρσαλέον πολεμιστήν.

οὔ τοι ἔτ᾽ ἔσθ᾽ ὑπάλυξις, ἄφαρ δέ σε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη

ἔγχει ἐμῷ δαμάᾳ: νῦν δ᾽ ἀθρόα πάντ᾽ ἀποτίσεις

κήδε᾽ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων οὓς ἔκτανες ἔγχεϊ θύων.  (Iliad 22. 260-272)

Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: 

“Hector, don’t talk to me of our agreements.

That’s idiotic, like a faithful promise

between men and lions. Wolves and lambs

don’t share a common heart—they always sense

a mutual hatred for each other.

In just that way, it’s not possible for us,  

for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed,

for there to be sworn oaths between us,

till one or other of us falls, glutting Ares,

warrior with the bull’s hide shield, on blood.

You’d best remember all your fighting skills.

Now you must declare yourself a spearman,

a fearless warrior. You’ve got no escape.

Soon Pallas Athena will destroy you

on my spear. Right now you’ll pay me back,

the full price of those sorrows I went through

when you slaughtered my companions.”

Iliad 22. 361-363

希臘文本引用出處:

 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D22%3Acard%3D337

ὣς ἄρα μιν εἰπόντα τέλος θανάτοιο κάλυψε,

ψυχὴ δ᾽ ἐκ ῥεθέων πταμένη Ἄϊδος δὲ βεβήκει

ὃν πότμον γοόωσα λιποῦσ᾽ ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην.

And he spoke these words the end of death enfolded him; and his soul fleeting from his limbs was gone to Hades, bewailing its fate, leaving manliness and youth.

在Weil的論述第四段，回頭引用Hector斷氣瞬間那幕，痛，無盡的痛心，這一幕刻畫人類永恆心痛。死亡的殘酷是無法稀釋的悲痛，這刻Hector的魂魄飛到冥府(the Hades)，留下的是無盡的悲鳴(bewailing)。Weil認為英雄的光環(the halo of glory)，再大再亮，都難以淺少一點橫死戰場的哀戚，這一看法打破一般傳統用榮譽(the ethos of glory)的角度看史詩英雄! 一如，Weil開宗明義闡述，在權力與武力下，人的下場就是悲哀的死亡。

比起Achilles與Agamemnon，Hector之死令人更悲痛，或許因為，Hector似乎就是為了保護他的家園，挺身而出。終究，他的英武成為他命運的詛咒，獲得特洛伊第一英雄的名號，後人已記得他，但是，這樣的名聲與慘死相比，值得嗎?

Iliad 22. 1-89

Iliad 22. 1-89

主題: 不去，可以嗎?

第22卷，Achilles總算可以 Hector單挑----應該說，Hector終於得面對生命終結的一刻。這卷一開場，說到特洛伊人躲進城門內，而Apollo也現身，讓Achilles知道神的威力一定勝過人；這讓滿心怨恨的Achilles更生氣。

       這刻，年邁的雙親最後一次用力規勸Hector，不要白白送死，畢竟Achilles真的是個殺人不眨眼的魔頭，Priam已經有好幾個兒子被他殺死或賣掉，他已經多次承受白髮人送黑髮人的悲哀。

       但是，不去，可以嗎? Hector的答案，英雄就是得面對敵人。

  

Ἕκτορ μή μοι μίμνε φίλον τέκος ἀνέρα τοῦτον

οἶος ἄνευθ᾽ ἄλλων, ἵνα μὴ τάχα πότμον ἐπίσπῃς

Πηλεΐωνι δαμείς, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐστι

σχέτλιος: αἴθε θεοῖσι φίλος τοσσόνδε γένοιτο

ὅσσον ἐμοί: τάχα κέν ἑ κύνες καὶ γῦπες ἔδοιεν

κείμενον: ἦ κέ μοι αἰνὸν ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἄχος ἔλθοι:

ὅς μ᾽ υἱῶν πολλῶν τε καὶ ἐσθλῶν εὖνιν ἔθηκε

κτείνων καὶ περνὰς νήσων ἔπι τηλεδαπάων. (Iliad 22.38-45)

“Hector, my dear son, don’t stand out there alone,

facing that man with no one else to help you,

or you will quickly meet your death, slaughtered

by Peleus’ son, who’s much more powerful.  

Don’t be obstinate. If only the gods

would love Achilles just as much as I do,

then dogs and vultures would soon gnaw at him

as he lay there. And then my heart might shed

its dreadful sorrow, for he’s taken from me

many valiant sons. Some he’s butchered.

Others he’s sold in islands far away.....

Iliad 21.205-327

Iliad 21. 205-327

主題: 大河也怒吼

Achilles的殘忍行為，猛殺特洛伊的英雄，把一對死屍丟到河裡，終於大河Scamandros憤怒了，出面幫助特洛伊人，大戰Achilles，第233-264行總算讓我們看到Achilles的窘境，大河大水滔滔，Achilles驚慌，抓住河邊的榆樹，十分驚險。Scamandros像是園丁，努力把護他的花園，Achilles大輸，畢竟他鬥不過河神。只是，Achilles沒有認輸，倒是呼叫宙斯與海神相助。
榆樹(πτελέα，elm, Ulmus glabra)，危急中，Achilles緊抓不放的支撐。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D233

ἦ, καὶ Ἀχιλλεὺς μὲν δουρικλυτὸς ἔνθορε μέσσῳ

κρημνοῦ ἀπαΐξας: ὃ δ᾽ ἐπέσσυτο οἴδματι θύων,

πάντα δ᾽ ὄρινε ῥέεθρα κυκώμενος, ὦσε δὲ νεκροὺς

πολλούς, οἵ ῥα κατ᾽ αὐτὸν ἅλις ἔσαν, οὓς κτάν᾽ Ἀχιλλεύς

τοὺς ἔκβαλλε θύραζε μεμυκὼς ἠΰτε ταῦρος

χέρσον δέ: ζωοὺς δὲ σάω κατὰ καλὰ ῥέεθρα,

κρύπτων ἐν δίνῃσι βαθείῃσιν μεγάλῃσι.

δεινὸν δ᾽ ἀμφ᾽ Ἀχιλῆα κυκώμενον ἵστατο κῦμα,

ὤθει δ᾽ ἐν σάκεϊ πίπτων ῥόος: οὐδὲ πόδεσσιν

εἶχε στηρίξασθαι: ὃ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν

εὐφυέα μεγάλην: ἣ δ᾽ ἐκ ῥιζῶν ἐριποῦσα

κρημνὸν ἅπαντα διῶσεν, ἐπέσχε δὲ καλὰ ῥέεθρα

ὄζοισιν πυκινοῖσι, γεφύρωσεν δέ μιν αὐτὸν

εἴσω πᾶσ᾽ ἐριποῦσ᾽: ὃ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐκ δίνης ἀνορούσας

ἤϊξεν πεδίοιο ποσὶ κραιπνοῖσι πέτεσθαι

δείσας: οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔληγε θεὸς μέγας, ὦρτο δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

ἀκροκελαινιόων, ἵνα μιν παύσειε πόνοιο

δῖον Ἀχιλλῆα, Τρώεσσι δὲ λοιγὸν ἀλάλκοι.

Πηλεΐδης δ᾽ ἀπόρουσεν ὅσον τ᾽ ἐπὶ δουρὸς ἐρωή,

αἰετοῦ οἴματ᾽ ἔχων μέλανος τοῦ θηρητῆρος,

ὅς θ᾽ ἅμα κάρτιστός τε καὶ ὤκιστος πετεηνῶν:

τῷ ἐϊκὼς ἤϊξεν, ἐπὶ στήθεσσι δὲ χαλκὸς

σμερδαλέον κονάβιζεν: ὕπαιθα δὲ τοῖο λιασθεὶς

φεῦγ᾽, ὃ δ᾽ ὄπισθε ῥέων ἕπετο μεγάλῳ ὀρυμαγδῷ.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὀχετηγὸς ἀπὸ κρήνης μελανύδρου

ἂμ φυτὰ καὶ κήπους ὕδατι ῥόον ἡγεμονεύῃ

χερσὶ μάκελλαν ἔχων, ἀμάρης ἐξ ἔχματα βάλλων:

τοῦ μέν τε προρέοντος ὑπὸ ψηφῖδες ἅπασαι

ὀχλεῦνται: τὸ δέ τ᾽ ὦκα κατειβόμενον κελαρύζει

χώρῳ ἔνι προαλεῖ, φθάνει δέ τε καὶ τὸν ἄγοντα:

ὣς αἰεὶ Ἀχιλῆα κιχήσατο κῦμα ῥόοιο

καὶ λαιψηρὸν ἐόντα: θεοὶ δέ τε φέρτεροι ἀνδρῶν.

The river spoke. Then famous spearman Achilles

jumped from the bank into the middle of the stream.

The river attacked him with a rising flood,

stirring all his waters into seething turmoil,

sweeping up many corpses crowded in the shoals,

men slaughtered by Achilles. Roaring like a bull,

the river hurled these bodies up onto the shore,

preserving in its lovely stream those still alive

by hiding them in deep wide pools. Around Achilles,        

huge waves towered threateningly, beating down

his shield. The breaking waters pushed him backwards.

Achilles lost his footing. His hand reached out to grab

a large elm tree, fully grown, but the tree came loose,

roots and all, tearing the whole river bank away.

As it fell in the river, its thick branches blocked

that lovely stream, damming its flow. In terror,

Achilles scrambled up out of the raging waters,

trying on his swift feet to run out to the plain.

But the great god wasn’t done. With a dark wave,      

he went after godlike Achilles, to prevent

the killing and to rescue Trojans from destruction.         

Peleus’ son ran off as far as one spear throw,

moving as fast as a black eagle plummets,

the hunting bird which is the strongest and the fastest

of all flying things—that’s how Achilles ran.

The bronze armour on his chest was clanging fearfully

as he swerved out from underneath the flooding river,

desperate to escape. But with a tremendous roar,

Scamander’s flood rushed on in pursuit behind him.     

Just as a man laying out a ditch from a dark spring

to his plants and gardens digs a water channel,

mattock in hand, removing what obstructs the flow,

and the water, as it starts to run, pushes aside                                           

the pebbles, and then, gaining momentum, flows down

and overtakes the man who’s guiding it—

that’s how the flooding wave kept clutching at Achilles

for all his speed, since gods have much more strength than men.

Scamander fought on the side of the Trojans during the Trojan War (Iliad XX, 73/74; XXI), after the Greek hero Achilles insulted him. Scamander was also said to have attempted to kill Achilles three times, and the hero was only saved due to the intervention of Hera, Athena and Hephaestus. In this context, he is the personification of the Scamander River that flowed from Mount Ida across the plain beneath the city of Troy, joining the Hellespont north of the city. The Achaeans, according to Homer, had set up their camp near its mouth, and their battles with the Trojans were fought on the plain of Scamander. In Iliad XXII (149ff), Homer states that the river had two springs: one produced warm water; the other yielded cold water, regardless of the season.

Iliad 21. 1-33

Iliad 21. 1-33

主題: 序曲

第21卷，Achilles 在Scamander河岸大開殺戒，許多躲在這條聖河畔草叢裡的特洛伊英雄一一被Achilles發現，Achilles也毫無慈悲心，殺人無數，血流滿河，河神終於動怒了。在第22-33行，詩人用大海豚比喻Achilles，追逐一群弱勢的小魚，這群魚就是落難的特洛伊人。

Scamander河岸佈滿的灌木林，是μυρίκη (檉柳)。
tamarisk (in Greece, Tamarix tetrandra; in Egypt, Tamarix articulata)

這植物可能不夠高大與濃密，當然也因為躲的人太多，很容易就被發現。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D1

αὐτὰρ ὃ διογενὴς δόρυ μὲν λίπεν αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾽ ὄχθῃ

κεκλιμένον μυρίκῃσιν, ὃ δ᾽ ἔσθορε δαίμονι ἶσος

φάσγανον οἶον ἔχων, κακὰ δὲ φρεσὶ μήδετο ἔργα,

τύπτε δ᾽ ἐπιστροφάδην: τῶν δὲ στόνος ὄρνυτ᾽ ἀεικὴς

ἄορι θεινομένων, ἐρυθαίνετο δ᾽ αἵματι ὕδωρ.

ὡς δ᾽ ὑπὸ δελφῖνος μεγακήτεος ἰχθύες ἄλλοι

φεύγοντες πιμπλᾶσι μυχοὺς λιμένος εὐόρμου

δειδιότες: μάλα γάρ τε κατεσθίει ὅν κε λάβῃσιν:

ὣς Τρῶες ποταμοῖο κατὰ δεινοῖο ῥέεθρα

πτῶσσον ὑπὸ κρημνούς. ὃ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ κάμε χεῖρας ἐναίρων,

ζωοὺς ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα λέξατο κούρους

ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο θανόντος:

τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠΰτε νεβρούς,

δῆσε δ᾽ ὀπίσσω χεῖρας ἐϋτμήτοισιν ἱμᾶσι,

τοὺς αὐτοὶ φορέεσκον ἐπὶ στρεπτοῖσι χιτῶσι,

δῶκε δ᾽ ἑταίροισιν κατάγειν κοίλας ἐπὶ νῆας.

αὐτὰρ ὃ ἂψ ἐπόρουσε δαϊζέμεναι μενεαίνων.  (Iliad 21. 17-33)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/iliad21.htm

Then divinely born Achilles left his spear    

beside a tamarisk bush and jumped into the stream,

like an inhuman thing, armed only with his sword,

his heart intent on killing. Turning in all directions,   

he kept on striking. The men his sword slaughtered

cried out in terror. The water turned blood red.

Just as other fish swim off from a huge dolphin

filling safe corners of some sheltered harbour,

fearful because the beast eats all it captures—

that’s how Trojans huddled then, under hanging banks,

all along the stream edge of that murderous river.     

When Achilles’ arms grew weary from the killing,

he plucked out of the river twelve young men alive,

as blood payment for the killing of Patroclus,

Menoetius’ son. He led them up onto dry land,

like stupefied fawns, tied their hands behind them,    

using belts they wore around their woven tunics,           

and gave them to his men to lead back to the ships.

Then he jumped in again, eager to keep killing.

下面圖片與資料出處: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamander

Water, or the Fight of Achilles against Scamander and Simoeis by Auguste Couder, 1819.

天馬歌 (李白)

天馬來出月支窟，背爲虎文龍翼骨。
嘶青雲，振綠髮，蘭筋權奇走滅沒。
騰崑崙，歷西極，四足無一蹶。
雞鳴刷燕晡秣越，神行電邁躡慌惚。
天馬呼，飛龍趨，目明長庚臆雙鳧。
尾如流星首渴烏，口噴紅光汗溝朱。
曾陪時龍躡天衢，羈金絡月照皇都。
逸氣稜稜淩九區，白璧如山誰敢沽。
回頭笑紫燕，但覺爾輩愚。
天馬奔，戀君軒，駷〈音竦〉躍驚矯浮雲飜。
萬里足躑躅，遙瞻閶闔門。
不逢寒風子，誰採逸景孫。
白雲在青天〈一本無青字〉，丘陵遠崔嵬。
鹽車上峻坂，倒行逆施畏日晚。
伯樂翦拂中道遺，少盡其力老棄之。
願逢田子方，惻然爲我悲。
雖有玉山禾，不能療苦飢。
嚴霜五月凋桂枝，伏櫪銜冤摧兩眉。
請君贖獻穆天子，猶堪弄影舞瑤池。

Iliad 19: 238-356 特洛伊戰爭中的飲食

第19卷的一些細節:

接受Odysseus的建議，Achilles要眾人先去吃飯: νῦν δ᾽ ἔρχεσθ᾽ ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, ἵνα ξυνάγωμεν Ἄρηα (Iliad 19: 275)，δεῖπνον是用餐，不是LOEB翻譯的 dinner (晚餐)，照推論，這裡應該是日出沒多久，作戰之前吃的早餐。

meal: in Hom. sts. noonday meal, Il.11.86; sts. = ἄριστον, morning meal, 2.381, 10.578, 19.171sq., Od.15.94sq., 500; sts. = δόρπον, evening meal,17.176, 20.390sq.; later,the midday meal, “σῖτον εἰδέναι διώρισα, ἄριστα,δεῖπνα, δόρπα θ᾽ αἱρεῖσθαι τρίτα” A.Fr.182; later, the afternoon meal, dinner orsupper, “σοὶ δὲ μελήσει, ὅτανᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον, λιπαρῷ χωρεῖν ἐπὶ δ.”Ar.Ec.652: freq. in pl., S.OT 779, El.203(lyr.); “δ. Θυέστου” E.Or.1008(lyr.); ἀπὸδείπνου straight-way after the meal, “ἀπὸ δ. αὐτοῦ θωρήσσοντο” Il.8.54, cf.Antipho 1.17; καλεῖν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, κεκλῆσθαι ἐπὶ δ., Eub.72,119.2; “δ.παρασκευάζειν” Pherecr.45,172; “παραθεῖναι” Id.184; “ποιεῖν”Dionys.Com.2.4; of animals, etc., Hom.Epigr.11, Ael.VH1.12, 12.27.

只是不知軍旅之中，大家吃甚麼? 之前有提到Achilles召開會議時，連伙夫都有加入:

οἵ τε κυβερνῆται καὶ ἔχον οἰήϊα νηῶν
καὶ ταμίαι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἔσαν σίτοιο δοτῆρες (Iliad 19: 43-44)
pilots and wielded the steering oars of the ship
or were stewards who dealt out food

其中的δοτήρ (giver，我翻譯成伙夫，而他分配的食物，或是穀物 (σῖτος ; grain)，可能包含小麥和大麥 (both wheat (πυρός) and barley (κριθή)，基本上是軍旅中的主食。

Achilles真的很心痛，他說:  
μή με πρὶν σίτοιο κελεύετε μηδὲ ποτῆτος
ἄσασθαι φίλον ἦτορ, ἐπεί μ᾽ ἄχος αἰνὸν ἱκάνει (Iliad 19. 306-307)

do not tell me to sate my heart with food or drink

since dread grief has come on me.

所以他禁食(ἄκμηνος fasting)，但是眾神們不捨，派Athene注入瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)在Achilles的胸膛，讓他不會餓到。之前，Thetis也是在Patroclus屍體在灑瓊漿和神液(ambrosia and nectar)可以防腐，此刻又多一個功能!


這真是太神奇了! (還可以當香水用喔!)